Scribd
Upload
44 views20 pages

Sampling 1

The document discusses various sampling methods for research studies. It defines key terms like population, sample, and parameter. It also covers probability sampling methods like random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods such as convenience sampling and judgment sampling are also discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of clearly defining the target population and selecting an appropriate sample size and method based on the study objectives and population characteristics.

Uploaded by

wahyono
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views20 pages

Sampling 1

The document discusses various sampling methods for research studies. It defines key terms like population, sample, and parameter. It also covers probability sampling methods like random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods such as convenience sampling and judgment sampling are also discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of clearly defining the target population and selecting an appropriate sample size and method based on the study objectives and population characteristics.

Uploaded by

wahyono
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Sampling Methods

chapter 1
Defining the Target Population

 It is critical to the success of the


research project to clearly define
the target population.

 Rely on logic and judgment.

 The population should be defined in


connection with the objectives of
the study.
Technical Terminology
 An element is an object on which a
measurement is taken.

 A population is a collection of elements


about which we wish to make an
inference.

 Sampling units are nonoverlapping


collections of elements from the
population that cover the entire
population.
Technical Terms
 A sampling frame is a list of sampling
units.

 A sample is a collection of sampling units


drawn from a sampling frame.

 Parameter: numerical characteristic of a


population

 Statistic: numerical characteristic of a


sample
Errors of nonobservation

 The deviation between an estimate


from an ideal sample and the true
population value is the sampling error.

 Almost always, the sampling frame


does not match up perfectly with the
target population, leading to errors of
coverage.
Errors of nonobservation
 Nonresponse is probably the most serious
of these errors.
 Arises in three ways:
 Inability
of the person responding to
come up with the answer
 Refusal to answer
 Inability
to contact the sampled
elements
Errors of observation

 These errors can be classified as


due to:
- interviewer,
- respondent,
- instrument,
- method of data collection.
Interviewers
 Interviewers have a direct and dramatic
effect on the way a person responds to a
question.
 Most people tend to side with the view
apparently favored by the interviewer,
especially if they are neutral.

 Friendly interviewers are more successful.

 In general, interviewers of the same gender,


racial, and ethnic groups as those being
interviewed are slightly more successful.
Respondents
 Respondents differ greatly in motivation
to answer correctly and in ability to do so.
 Obtaining an honest response to sensitive
questions is difficult.
 Basic errors
 Recall bias: simply does not remember
 Prestige bias: exaggerates to ‘look’ better
 Intentional deception: lying
 Incorrect measurement: does not understand
the units or definition
Census Sample

 A census study occurs if the entire


population is very small or it is
reasonable to include the entire
population (for other reasons).

 It is called a census sample because


data is gathered on every member
of the population.
Why sample?
 The population of interest is usually
too large to attempt to survey all of
its members.

 A carefully chosen sample can be


used to represent the population.
 The sample reflects the characteristics
of the population from which it is
drawn.
Probability versus Nonprobability
 Probability Samples: each member of
the population has a known non-zero
probability of being selected
 Methods include random sampling, systematic
sampling, and stratified sampling.

 Nonprobability Samples: members are


selected from the population in some
nonrandom manner
 Methods include convenience sampling,
judgment sampling, quota sampling, and
snowball sampling
Random Sampling
Random sampling is the purest form of
probability sampling.
 Each member of the population has an equal and
known chance of being selected.
 When there are very large populations, it is often
‘difficult’ to identify every member of the
population, so the pool of available subjects
becomes biased.
 You can use software, such as minitab to generate
random numbers or to draw directly from the
columns
Systematic Sampling
 Systematic sampling is often used instead
of random sampling. It is also called an Nth
name selection technique.
 After the required sample size has been
calculated, every Nth record is selected from
a list of population members.
 As long as the list does not contain any
hidden order, this sampling method is as good
as the random sampling method.
 Its only advantage over the random sampling
technique is simplicity (and possibly cost
effectiveness).
Stratified Sampling
 Stratified sampling is commonly used
probability method that is superior to random
sampling because it reduces sampling error.

 A stratum is a subset of the population that share


at least one common characteristic; such as
males and females.
 Identify relevant stratums and their actual
representation in the population.

 Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient


number of subjects from each stratum.

 Stratified sampling is often used when one or more


of the stratums in the population have a low
incidence relative to the other stratums.
Cluster Sampling
 Cluster Sample: a probability sample in which
each sampling unit is a collection of elements.
 Effective under the following conditions:
 A good sampling frame is not available or costly,
while a frame listing clusters is easily obtained
 The cost of obtaining observations increases as the
distance separating the elements increases

 Examples of clusters:
 City blocks – political or geographical
 Housing units – college students
 Hospitals – illnesses
 Automobile – set of four tires
Convenience Sampling
 Convenience sampling is used in
exploratory research where the
researcher is interested in getting an
inexpensive approximation.

 The sample is selected because they are


convenient.

 It is a nonprobability method.
 Often used during preliminary research efforts
to get an estimate without incurring the cost or
time required to select a random sample
Judgment Sampling
 Judgment sampling is a common
nonprobability method.

 The sample is selected based upon


judgment.
 an extension of convenience sampling

 When using this method, the researcher


must be confident that the chosen
sample is truly representative of the
entire population.
Sample Size?
 The more heterogeneous a population is,
the larger the sample needs to be.

 Depends on topic – frequently it occurs?

 For probability sampling, the larger the


sample size, the better.
Response Rates
 About 20 – 30% usually return a
questionnaire
 Follow up techniques could bring it up to
about 50%
 Still, response rates under 60 – 70%
challenge the integrity of the random
sample
 How the survey is distributed can affect
the quality of sampling

You might also like