April 4, 2019

CSC241:
Object Oriented

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Programming
Fall 2016
1. Inheritance & Generalization

Thursday, April 4, 2019

Farhan Aadil 1

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Quiz 1

• Give a definition of an Object in object-oriented programming

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Recap – Inheritance
• Derived class inherits all the characteristics of the base class

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• Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may have its
own unique characteristics

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• Major benefit of inheritance is reuse

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Concepts Related with
Inheritance
• Generalization

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• Subtyping (extension)

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• Specialization (restriction)

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Generalization
• In OO models, some classes may have common characteristics

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• We extract these features into a new class and inherit original
classes from this new class

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• This concept is known as Generalization

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Example – Generalization
Line

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color
vertices Circle
length color

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move vertices Triangle
setColor radius
color
getLength move
vertices
setColor
angle
computeArea
move
setColor
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computeArea
Example – Generalization
Shape
color

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vertices
move
setColor

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Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
computeArea length computeArea 7
getLength
Example – Generalization
Student
name

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age Teacher
gender name
Doctor
program age
name

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studyYear gender
age
study designation
gender
heldExam salary
designation
eat teach
salary
walk takeExam
eat checkUp
walk prescribe
eat 8
walk
Example – Generalization
Person
name

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age
gender
eat

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walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp 9

heldExam takeExam prescribe

Sub-typing & Specialization
• We want to add a new class to an existing model

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• Find an existing class that already implements some of the
desired state and behaviour

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• Inherit the new class from this class and add unique behaviour
to the new class

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Sub-typing (Extension)
• Sub-typing means that derived class is behaviourally
compatible with the base class

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• Behaviourally compatible means that base class can be

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replaced by the derived class

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 Person
name
age
gender

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eats
Example – walks

Sub-typing

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(Extension) Student
program
studyYear
study 12

takeExam
 Shape
color
vertices

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setColor
Example – move

Sub-typing

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(Extension)
Circle
radius
computeCF
computeArea 13
Specialization (Restriction)
• Specialization means that derived class is behaviourally
incompatible with the base class

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• Behaviourally incompatible means that base class can’t always

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be replaced by the derived class

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Example – Specialization
(Restriction)
Person

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age : [0..100]
…
setAge( a ) age = a

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…

Adult If age < 18 then

age : [18..100] error
… else
setAge( a ) 15
age = a
…
Example – Specialization
(Restriction)
IntegerSet

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…
add( elem ) add element
… to the set

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If elem < 1 then
NaturalSet error
… else
add( elem ) add element
… to the set 16
Overriding

• A class may need to override the default behaviour provided

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by its base class

• Reasons for overriding

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• Provide behaviour specific to a derived class
• Extend the default behaviour
• Restrict the default behaviour
• Improve performance

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Example – Specific Behaviour
Shape
color

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vertices
draw
move

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setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
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draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
Example – Extension
Window
width

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height
open
close

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draw

DialogBox 1- Invoke Window’s

controls draw
enable 2- draw the dialog 19
draw box
Example – Restriction
IntegerSet
…

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add( elem ) Add element
… to the set

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If elem < 1 then
NaturalSet give error
… else
add( elem ) Add element
… to the set 20
Example – Improve Performance
Shape
color
• Class Circle overrides coord
rotate operation of class draw
Shape with a Null rotate
operation. setColor

Circle
radius
draw
rotate
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Abstract Classes

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An abstract class implements an abstract concept
• Main purpose is to be inherited by other classes
• Can’t be instantiated

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• Promotes reuse

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Example – Abstract Classes
Person
name

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age
gender

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eat
walk

Student Doctor
Teacher
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• Here, Person is an abstract class
Example – Abstract Classes
Vehicle

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color
model
accelerate

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applyBrakes

Car Truck
Bus
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• Here, Vehicle is an abstract class
Concrete Classes
• A concrete class implements a concrete concept

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• Main purpose is to be instantiated

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• Provides implementation details specific to the domain
context

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Example – Concrete Classes

Person

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Student Doctor
program Teacher
studyYear
study
heldExam

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• Here, Student, Teacher and Doctor are concrete classes
Example – Concrete Classes

Vehicle

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Car Truck
Bus
capacity
load
unload

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• Here, Car, Bus and Truck are concrete
classes
Multiple Inheritance

• We may want to reuse characteristics of more than one parent

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class

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Mermaid
Example – Multiple Inheritance

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 Woman

Mermaid
Fish
Example – Multiple Inheritance

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Amphibious Vehicles
Example – Multiple Inheritance

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Example – Multiple Inheritance

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Vehicle

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Land Vehicle Water Vehicle

Car Amphibious Vehicle Boat

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Problems with Multiple
Inheritance
• Increased complexity

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• Reduced understanding

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• Duplicate features

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Problem – Duplicate Features

Woman Fish

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eat eat
… …

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Mermaid

• Which eat operation Mermaid inherits?

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Solution – Override the Common
Feature

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Woman Fish
eat eat
… …

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Mermaid
Invoke eat
eat
operation of
… desired class
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Problem – Duplicate Features
(Diamond Problem)
Vehicle
changeGear

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Land Vehicle Water Vehicle

Car Amphibious Vehicle Boat

• Which changeGear operation Amphibious Vehicle inherits? 36
Solution to Diamond Problem

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• Some languages disallow diamond hierarchy

• Others provide mechanism to ignore characteristics from one side

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 April 4, 2019
References
• “Object Oriented Programming in C++”, by “Robert Lafore”,
published by Sams Publishing (The Waite Group). 4th ed. available

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in soft form.
• “Object Oriented Programming Using C++” by “Joyce Farrell” ,
published by Course Technology, Cengage Learning. 4th ed. available
in soft form
• National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences
[www.nu.edu.pk]
• Virtual University of Pakistan [ocw.vu.edu.pk]
• Open Courseware Consortium
[http://www.ocwconsortium.org/en/courses]
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 Thanks

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