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    Reasoning

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    Hannibal F. Carado
    It is a mental activity wherein the mind proceeds to the certain knowledge or certain establishment of another truth through inferential process

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    Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Hannibal F. Carado
    148 views12 pages
    It is a mental activity wherein the mind proceeds to the certain knowledge or certain establishment of another truth through inferential process

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    It is a mental activity wherein the mind proceeds to the certain knowledge or certain establishment of another truth through inferential process

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    148 views12 pages

    Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Hannibal F. Carado
    It is a mental activity wherein the mind proceeds to the certain knowledge or certain establishment of another truth through inferential process

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    REASONING

    INFERENCE
    is an act of justifying something done
    is a mental activity wherein the mind
    proceeds to the certain knowledge or
    certain establishment of another truth
    through inferential process

    REASONING
    inferential thinking is a composite of premises
    wherein the unknown can be inferred
    what is inferred is the conclusion
    it begins with what we know called “the
    known”
    an inference therefore, is a process of drawing
    a conclusion from a premise
    judgment is reached indirectly through a third
    idea or the middle term or through a series of
    third related ideas

    INFERENCE
    an inferential link is the logical relationship between
    the premise and the conclusion
    this is also known as logical necessity or logical force

    Example:

    Major premise: Philanthropist is a lover of charity


    Minor Premise: But some generous people are
    philanthropists
    Conclusion: Therefore, Some generous people are
    lovers of charity.

    INFERENCE
    the following inference is fallacious because
    there is no sequence (inferential link)

    Major premise: Every angel is an


    immaterial creature
    Minor Premise: But cherubim’s are angels
    Conclusion: Therefore, Seraphim’s are
    immaterial creatures

    INFERENCE
    Deduction – is an inferential process
    wherein the mind concludes with certainty
    from a universal/general
    principle/knowledge/judgment, to the
    particular (specific). The premises contain
    conclusive evidence for the truth of the
    conclusion.

    Methods of Inference
    Induction – is an inferential thinking that
    concludes from individual, or particular to
    the universal. It claims that its premises
    furnish only some amount of probability
    but not certainty to its conclusion.

    Methods of Inference
    EXAMPLES:

    Deduction:
    All influenza is caused by infection;
    This disease is influenza;
    It is caused by infection

    Induction:
    Students A, B, C…X, Y and Z are present;
    Students A, B, C…X, Y and Z are all members of the class;
    All members of the class are present.

    Methods of Inference
    Immediate Inference
    springs directly from a single premise to a
    conclusion without the mediation of any
    other premise
    a conclusion is drawn from a single
    premise
    the given proposition is called the premise
    and the proposition deduced or inferred
    from it is called the conclusion

    Kinds of Inference
    Mediate Inference
    the inferential process passes from one
    proposition to another through a medium
    it is called the middle term or another
    proposition
    there is not only a new proposition but a
    new truth which is drawn by the mind
    from the first proposition through a
    medium

    Kinds of Inference
    Mediate Inference
    it is a mental process, it exists only in the
    mind
    to represent the argument existing in the
    mind, it must be expressed by a syllogism
    ◦ is an external representation of an argument
    ◦ it is a series of propositions; first, Major Premise;
    second, Minor Premise; third, the Conclusion
    ◦ the conclusion is necessarily derived from the
    two given premises

    Kinds of Inference
    CategoricalSyllogism
    Hypothetical Syllogism
    Other Forms of Syllogism
    ◦ Enthymeme
    ◦ Sorites
    ◦ Dilemma
    ◦ Epichereme
    ◦ Polysyllogism

    Kinds of Syllogism

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