EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS IS USED

IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO :

• TO SHIFT AMOUNTS OF EARTH.

• TO DIG FOUNDATIONS AND LANDSCAPE AREAS.

TYPES OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS INCLUDE :

• POWER SHOVELS • BACKHOE

• SCRAPERS • BULLDOZERS
• DRAGLINE • GRADERS
• TRENCHERS • LOADERS
 POWER SHOVEL (ALSO STRIPPING SHOVEL OR FRONT SHOVEL OR
ELECTRIC MINING SHOVEL) IS A CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT WHOSE
PURPOSE IS TO EXCAVATE THE EARTH AND LOAD IT INTO THE TRUCKS OR
OTHER PULL EQUIPMENT WAITING NEARBY.
 1. IF IT IS MOUNTED ON CRAWLER
TRACK, IT IS CALLED CRAWLER-
MOUNTED POWER SHOVEL.

 2. IF IT IS MOUNTED ON RUBBER
TYRED WHEELS IT IS REFERRED
AS WHEEL-MOUNTED POWER
SHOVEL.
 SIZE OF POWER SHOVEL IS INDICATED BY THE SIZE OF
DIPPER GENERALLY EXPRESSED IN CUBIC METERS.
 THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZE 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼, 1 ½, 2 AND 2 ½
CUBIC METER WHICH COME UNDER THE CATEGORY OF
STANDARD POWER SHOVELS.
 MODERN BUCKET (DIPPER) CAPACITY RANGES FROM 8
CUBIC METRE TO 80 CUBIC METRE.
 1. THE MOUNTING (CRAWLER TRACK OR RUBBER TYRED
WHEEL)
 2. CAB
 3. BOOM
 4. DIPPER STICK
 5. DIPPER
 6. HOIST LINE
 THE SHOVEL OPERATES USING SEVERAL MAIN MOTIONS:

 • HOIST - PULLING THE BUCKET UP THROUGH THE BANK (I.E.

THE BANK OF MATERIAL BEING DUG).

 • CROWD - MOVING THE DIPPER HANDLE OUT OR IN TO

CONTROL THE DEPTH OF CUT AND WHEN POSITIONING TO
DUMP .

 • SWING - ROTATING THE SHOVEL BETWEEN DIGGING AND

DUMPING .

 • PROPEL - MOVING THE SHOVEL UNIT TO DIFFERENT

LOCATIONS OR DIG POSITIONS
BEST TYPE IS DECIDED AFTER CONSIDERING VARIOUS
TECHNO-ECONOMIC FACTORS :

A)JOB LOCATION
 NUMEROUS SMALL JOBS – RUBBER TYRED
 LARGE JOB – CRAWLER MOUNTED

B)TYPE OF FOOTING
SOFT AND MUDDY SOIL – CRAWLER MOUNTED .
 THE COST OF PER CUBIC METER OF OUTPUT : MINIMUM COST
PER CUBIC METRE OF OUTPUT.
 SIZE OF JOB.
 COST OF TRANSPORTING .
 DEPRECIATION RATE .
 DOWNTIME COST – TIME LOST DURING REPAIR & ADJUSTMENTS
 COST OF WAGE – LESS FOR LARGE SHOVEL.
 COST OF DRILLING , BLASTING, EXCAVATING- LESS
XPENDITURE FOR LARGE SIZE SHOVEL B) THE JOB/SITE
CONDITIONS.
 FOR HIGH LIFTS TO DUMP - LONG BOOM OF A LARGE SHOVEL.
 FOR EXCAVATING BLASTED ROCKS, HARD AND TOUGH BED OF
SOIL - LARGE SIZE DIPPER.
 HIGH HOURLY OUTPUT - LARGE SHOVEL.
 SIZE OF HAULING UNIT DETERMINES SIZE OF SHOVEL.
 SUITABLE FOR DRAGGING SOFTER MATERIAL.
 CAN REMOVE BIG SIZE BOULDERS WITH PRIOR LOOSENING.
 IT IS USED IN VARIOUS TYPES OF JOBS SUCH AS DIGGING IN
GRAVEL BANKS, CLAY PITS, DIGGING CUTS IN ROAD WORKS,
ROAD SIDE BERMS ETC.
 IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR EXCAVATING TRENCHES .
 IT IS MOSTLY USED IN THE EXCAVATION FOR CANALS AND
DEPOSITING ON THE EMBANKMENT WITHOUT HAULING
UNITS.
 USED FOR EXCAVATION AND REMOVAL OF OVERBURDEN .
A BACKHOE, ALSO CALLED A REAR
ACTOR OR BACK ACTOR, IS A
PIECE OF EXCAVATING
EQUIPMENT OR LARGER
CONSISTING OF A DIGGING
BUCKET ON THE END OF A TWO-
PART ARTICULATED ARM.

THEY ARE TYPICALLY MOUNTED ON

THE BACK OF A TRACTOR OR
FRONT LOADER, THE LATTER
FORMING A 'BACKHOE LOADER'
 1. DIGGING ACTION RESULT FROM THE DRAG OR PULL OF
BUCKET TOWARDS THE MACHINE.

 2. THE BOOM IS SET AT DESIRED ANGLE .

 3. THE HOIST CABLE IS PULLED IN AND THE DRAG CABLE IS

RELEASED THUS MOVING THE BUCKET TO REQUIRED
POSITION.

 4. BY PULLING THE CABLE THE BUCKET IS FILLED. 5. THE

BUCKET IS LIFTED BY RAISING THE BOOM AND THEN
SWINGING TO DUMPING POSITION.
 1. SUITABLE FOR DIGGING BELOW MACHINE LEVEL.

 2. CAN BE EFFICIENTLY USED TO TRIM OR DRESS THE SURFACE

AVOIDING MANUAL EFFORT.

 3.A BACKHOE IS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR EXCAVATION

BELOW GROUND AND IT IS ESPECIALLY EMPLOYED FOR
TRENCH EXCAVATION WORKS.

 4.IT POSSES THE POSITIVE DIGGING ACTION AND ACCURATE

LATERAL CONTROL.
 1. IT CAN BE USED FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF TASKS:
CONSTRUCTION, SMALL DEMOLITIONS, LIGHT
TRANSPORTATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS, POWERING
BUILDING EQUIPMENT, DIGGING HOLES/EXCAVATION,
LANDSCAPING, BREAKING ASPHALT, AND PAVING ROADS.

 2. THE BACKHOE BUCKET CAN ALSO BE REPLACED WITH

POWERED THE ACHIEVEMENT SUCH AS A BREAKER, GRAPPLE,
AUGER, OR A STUMP GRINDER.
 A GRADER, ALSO COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A ROAD
GRADER OR A MOTOR GRADER, IS A CONSTRUCTION
MACHINE WITH A LONG BLADE USED TO CREATE A FLAT
SURFACE DURING THE GADING PROCESS.
 GALION DEVELOPED ONE OF THE FIRST HYDRAULIC POWER
GRADER SYSTEMS IN THE 1920S. BY THE EARLY 1930S
HYDRAULICS WERE STANDARD ON ALL MOTOR GRADERS. AN
EXAMPLE OF A 1922 "GALION PATROL" IS SHOWN HERE
 GRADERS ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION
AND MAINTENANCE OF DIRT ROADS AND GRAVEL ROADS.

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PAVED ROADS THEY ARE USED TO

PREPARE THE BASE COURSE TO CREATE A WIDE FLAT
SURFACE FOR THE ASPHALT TO BE PLACED ON.

 GRADERS CAN PRODUCE INCLINED SURFACES, TO GIVE

CANT (CAMBER) TO ROADS.

 IN SOME LOCALES SUCH AS NORTHERN EUROPE, CANADA,

AND PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES, GRADERS ARE OFTEN
USED IN MUNICIPAL , RESIDENTIAL SNOW REMOVAL .
 SINGLE BLADE GRADER

 DOUBLE BLADE GRADER

 A BULLDOZER IS A CRAWLER
(CONTINUOUS TRACKED TRACTOR)
EQUIPPED WITH A SUBSTANTIAL
METAL PLATE (KNOWN AS A BLADE)
USED TO PUSH LARGE QUANTITIES
OF SOIL, SAND, RUBBLE, OR OTHER
SUCH MATERIAL
DURING CONSTRUCTION OR
CONVERSION WORK AND TYPICALLY
EQUIPPED AT THE REAR WITH A
CLAW-LIKE DEVICE (KNOWN AS
A RIPPER) TO LOOSEN DENSELY
COMPACTED MATERIALS.
 BULLDOZERS CAN BE FOUND ON A
WIDE RANGE OF
SITES, MINES AND QUARRIES,
MILITARY BASES, HEAVY
INDUSTRY FACTORIES,
ENGINEERING PROJECTS
AND FARMS.
 MACHINES DESIGNED PRELIMINARY FOR CUTTING &
PUSHING MATERIAL RELATIVELY SHORT DISTANCE.

 CONSIST OF A TRACTOR WITH A FRONT MOUNTED BLADE

CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS USE FOR
DIFFERENT CUT FOR DIFFERENT DEPTH & LEVELING AS PER
CONDITION OF LAND.
 CLEAR SITE OF WORK.
 LEVELING OF LAND.
 PREPARE ROADS ON HILLY AREAS AS WELL AS HARD
GROUND.
 EXCAVATE THE MATERIAL AND HAUL IN BETWEEN 100
METERS DISTANCE.
 SPREADING EARTH .
 BACKFILLING TRENCHES.
 MAINTAINING HAUL ROADS.
 IT MAY EITHER CABLE CONTROLLED OR HYDRAULIC
CONTROLLED.

 DEPENDING UPON MOUNTINGS BULLDOZERS CLASSIFIED

AS
I. CRAWLER TRACTOR MOUNTED BULLDOZERS .
II. WHEEL TRACTOR MOUNTED BULLDOZERS.

CRAWEL TRACTOR MOUNTED CRAWEL TRACTOR MOUNTED

BULLDOZER BULLDOZER
DEPENDING ON NATURE OF BLADE:
I. FRONT CASTING DOZER II. ANGLE DOZER
II. IN CASE OF FRONT CASTING DOZER BLADE IS FIXED
PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL.
III. IN CASE IF ANGLE DOZER THE BLADE IS FIXED AT AANGLE
WITHTHE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL.
 FRONT CASTING DOZER ANGLE DOZER

COMPARISON :
- IN CASE OF FRONT CASTING DOZER IT MOVES EARTH IN THE
FORWARD DIRECTION.
- IN CASE OF ANGLE DOZER IT MOVES EARTH ONE SIDE IN THE
FORWARD DIRECTION.
- DUE TO THIS DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES IT CAN
CONVERTED IN TWO TYPES.
 SIZE OF BULLDOZER INDICATED BY THE DIMENSIONS OF
BLADE & ITS OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON ITS OPERATING
CONDITION.

 EACH BLADE HAS A CAPACITY OF HAULING A PARTICULAR

TYPE OF EARTH & KNOWING THE NUMBER OF TURNS A
BULLDOZER CAN BE ESTIMATED.

 OUTPUT OF ALL THE EARTH MOVING MACHINERY DEPENDS

ON GIVEN FACTORS.
 A. EFFICIENCY OF OPERATOR

 B. NATURE OF SOIL

 C. TOPOGRAPHY OF AREA

 D. TYPE OF EQUIPMENT

 E. WEATHER
 BY SUITABLE ATTACHMENTS TO THE BULLDOZER, IT CAN BE
UTILIZED TO REMOVE TREES , ROCKS , BOULDERS ETC.

 IN ORDER TO INCREASE OUTPUT TWO BULLDOZERS

WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH THEIR BLADES IN CONTACT ,
CAN BE USED.

 IT CAN BE USED ON WET GROUND AND ALL TYPES OF

WEATHER CONDITIONS.
 IT DELIVERS GREATER ATTRACTIVE EFFORT ESPECIALLY
WHEN OPERATING SOFT GROUNDS AS LOOSE OR MUDDY
SOIL. CAPACITY TO TRAVEL OVER MUDDY SURFACE.

 WORK ON DIFFERENT TYPE OF SOIL.

 ABILITY TO TRAVEL ON ROUGH SURFACE, WHICH MAY

REDUCE THE COST OF MAINTAINING THE HAULING ROADS.
 PROVIDE HIGHER TRAVEL SPEED FROM 13 TO 42 KMPH ON
THE JOB OR FROM ONE JOB TO ANOTHER JOB.

 ELIMINATES THE NECESSITY OF HAULING EQUIPMENT

REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT THE DOZER TO THE JOB.

 GREATER OUTPUT, ESPECIALLY WHEN CONSIDERABLE

TRAVEL IS NECESSARY. LESS FATIGUE TO OPERATOR.
 MADE FROM MOLD BOARDS WHICH HAVING CONCAVE
PROFILE. BLADES ARE CONNECTED WITH DOZER WITH THE
HELP OF PUSH ARMS AND TILT CYLINDERS OR A C FRAME.
BASED ON DIFFERENT TYPE OF WORK APPLICATION THE SIZE
OF BLADE IS VARIES.
 DRAGLINE FALLS IN HEAVY
EQUIPMENT’S CATEGORY.
 DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR IS USED
FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECTS AND SURFACE MINING.

 DRAGLINE IS THE LARGEST

EQUIPMENT EVER BUILT ON THIS
PLANET.

 IT HAS THE ABILITY TO EXCAVATE

VERY DEEP DOWN THE EARTH.

 WORD DRAG IS USED BECAUSE IT

HAS THE ABILITY TO DRAG
MATERIAL AT FAR DISTANCE
FROM THE MACHINE.
 DRAGLINE CONSISTS OF DRAG CABLE, LARGE BUCKET,
BOOM, HOIST CABLE, DRAG CHAIN AND DRIVING MOTORS.
DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR 4
 THE BUCKET IS LOWERED IN FULLY DUMPED POSITION,
RELEASED BOTH HOIST & DRAG CABLE, TILL IT REST ON
GROUND WITH THE TEETH DIGGING INTO EARTH.

 THE HOIST CABLE IS SLACKENED SLIGHTLY AND THEN THE

DRAG PULL IS APPLIED . THIS ACTION FILLS IN EARTH AND
BUCKET TAKES HORIZONTAL POSITION. IT IS THEN HOISTED.

 WHEN DUMPING HEIGHT IS ATTAINED, THE BOOM IS SWUNG

TO THE POSITION OF DUMPING AND THE DRAG BRAKE IS
RELEASED. THIS WILL DUMP THE LOAD OF BUCKET.

 THE BOOM IS SWUNG BACK TO DIGGING POSITION AND THE

SAME CYCLES ARE PROCEED.
 MOST SUITABLE FOR DIGGING SOFTER MATERIAL.

 USEFUL FOR EXCAVATING TRENCHES. MOSTLY USED IN

EXCAVATING CANALS & EMBANKMENTS.

 SUITABLE FOR LOOSE SOILS, MARSHY LAND AND AREAS

CONTAINING WATER.
 SIZE & TYPE OF BUCKET :-
LIGHT BUCKET : FOR LOOSE, DRY SOILS, SAND & GRAVEL.
MEDIUM: FOR CLAYS & COMPACTED GRAVEL.
HEAVY : FOR HARD & BROKEN ROCKS.

 LENGTH OF BOOM :- LONGER BOOM WITH SMALLER BUCKET

INCREASED DIGGING RATE.

 IT IS POSSIBLE OF DISPOSE OFF THE EARTH IN ONE

OPERATION SO COST AND TIME IS SAVED. TYPE OF
MATERIAL :-

LOOSE, DRY & SOFT SOIL OUTPUT MORE.

HARD & TOUGH SOIL OUTPUT LESS

 ANGLE OF SWING :- THE TIME CYCLE IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO ANGLE OF SWING. IF ANGLE OF SWING
INCREASES, OUTPUT DECREASES.
 DEPTH OF CUT :- IF WORK AT OPTIMUM DEPTH AND A.O.S=90,
OUTPUT WILL BE MAX.
 OPTIMUM DEPTH DEPENDS ON TYPE OF SOIL & SIZE OF
BUCKET, IF BUCKET SIZE IS INCREASE, OPTIMUM DEPTH OF
CUT ALSO INCREASES.
 SIZE OF HAULING UNIT :- THE HAULING UNITS (TRUCKS) OF
DESIRED SIZES SHOULD BE MADE AVAILABLE, TO AVOID
DELAY, TO GET MORE OUTPUT.
 SKILL OF OPERATOR.
 CRAWLER MOUNTED DRAGLINES :-
LOW TRAVEL SPEED.
SUITABLE FOR SOFT GROUND.

 WHEEL MOUNTED DRAGLINES :-

HIGH TRAVEL SPEED.
SUITABLE FOR FIRM GROUND.

 TRACTOR MOUNTED DRAGLINES :-

SAME AS WHEEL MOUNTED.
 ADVANTAGES :

 IT CAN WORK ON NATURAL GROUND WHILE POWER SHOVEL TAKE

A PIT OR TRENCH.
 HAULING UNITS DO NOT HAVE TO GO INTO TRENCH WHILE USING
DRAGLINE.
 RANGE OF WORKING IS MORE THAN POWER SHOVEL.
 EXCAVATED MATERIAL DISPOSED OFF IN ONE OPERATION.

DISADVANTAGES :
 IT HAS LESS DIGGING FORCE THAN P.S.
 OUTPUT IS LESS THAN AS COMPARED TO SHOVEL.
 A LOADER IS A HEAVY EQUIPMENTMACHINE USED
IN CONSTRUCTION TO MOVE ASIDE OR LOAD
MATERIALS SUCH AS ASPHALT, DEMOLITION ,DEBRIS
, DIRT, SNOW, FEED, GRAVEL, LOGS, RAW MINERALS,
RECYCLED MATERIAL, ROCK, SAND, WOODCHIPS, ETC.
INTO OR ONTO ANOTHER TYPE OF MACHINERY (SUCH
AS A DUMP TRUCK, CONVEYOR BELT, FEED-HOPPER,
OR RAILROAD CAR).
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF LOADER, WHICH, DEPENDING ON
DESIGN AND APPLICATION, ARE CALLED BY VARIOUS NAMES,
INCLUDING:
 BUCKET LOADER
 FRONT LOADER
 FRONT-END LOADER
 PAYLOADER
 SCOOP
 SHOVEL
 SKIP LOADER
 WHEEL LOADER
 SKID-STEER