Ventilation Air Movement

Ventilation
Air movement
This lecture is about
 Fundamentals of building ventilation

 Natural Ventilation
 Wind patterns
 Openings
 Building strategies
Why is it necessary to ventilate?
 Air for breathing
 Adult man has frequency of breathing typically 16 times per minute –8 l/min.
 Respiration
Why is it necessary to ventilate?
 Indoor environment in a room has to meet level suitable for
 people and theirs activity.
 In an industrial building ventilation requirements may relate
 also to industrial processes.
 In an agricultural building all focus aims to animals.
Ventilation is one of systems keeping habitable environment.

Ventilation
In Architectural terms, Ventilation is the
intentional introduction of outdoor air into a
space and is mainly used to control indoor
air quality by diluting and displacing indoor
pollutants; it can also be used for purposes
of thermal comfort or dehumidification.
Information about wind patterns and

prevailing wind direction
Functions of ventilation
Three distinctly different functions
- Supply of fresh air
- Convective cooling
- Physiological cooling
Achieved by - air movement

SUPPLY OF FRESH AIR - Air movement around building
Wind is generated by pressure differences – so an air flow through the building is

result of pressure difference between two sides.
1. The air flow around a building

Development of positive pressure on
windward side and negative pressure
on leeward side of the building
plan
Side elevation
Air movement around building
Air stream separation at the face of building Reverse flow behind tall block
Air flow grid iron pattern Air flow checkboard pattern

Air movement around building
Form of the buildings, specially in

terms of high rise building should be
carefully planned to help the air
movement in the surroundings
30 St Mary Axe, informally known as
The Gherkin, is a commercial skyscraper in
London's primary financial district.
It was completed in December 2003 and

opened in April 2004.[10] With 41 floors, it is
180 metres (591 ft) tall.
Air movement inside the building – opening positions
Cross ventilation
Lack of cross ventilation
Effect of opening positions
Position of openings
Air flow in a
two storey
building
Pressure built up at inlet

Air movement inside the building
Air movement in and around building
Size of the openings

The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small inlet opening with large
outlet. This is partly due to the total force acting on the small area forcing air
through opening at high pressure and partly due to venturi effect.
When the wind direction is not constant and when air flow through whole space is
required , the large inlet opening will be proffered
Controls of openings
Effect of sashes
Effect of Venetian Effect of louvers

Effect of canopies blinds
A study done in a residential
building for understanding the
effect of wind angles
Wind Angle at 75˚

Wind Angle at 30˚ Wind Angle at 0˚
CONVECTIVE COOLING – Stack effect
The driving force for the stack effect
The stack effect relies on thermal forces, set up

by the density difference (caused by the
temperature difference)between the indoor and
outdoor air and change in temperature due to
height.)
Convective cooling – Stack effect
Various techniques for ventilation
Venturi effect
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows
through a constricted section of pipe.
To increase speed of air
to reduce temperature.
Venturi effect
when the air flow is channeled and restricted, the pressure rises
and the velocity increases. This is called the venturi effect
By using these principles and

understanding how air moves
and acts similar to a fluid, like
water, we can visualize wind
patterns on different sites and
in different conditions.
Vegetation creating the venturi effect
Lack of cross ventilation
A local wind created by acceleration

of the airflow through a gap,
constriction, or channel
A strong, low-level wind through

channel between two structures
Changing the direction

by diverting.
Humidity control
Wind scoop – in hot and dry climate humidification is necessary which

can be associated with evaporative cooling
Functions of wind scoop
controlled air supply
Filtering out sand and dust
evaporative cooling.
humidification
Various techniques for ventilation
Experiments to check ventilation in models
Open jet wind stimulator
On basis of experiments following factors can be isolated which affect the
indoor flow
- Orientation - size of openings
- Cross ventilation - controls of openings
- Position of openings
Closed Wind tunnel

Ventilation Air Movement

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Ventilation

 Fundamentals of building ventilation

Ventilation is one of systems keeping habitable environment.

Information about wind patterns and

Achieved by - air movement

Wind is generated by pressure differences – so an air flow through the building is

1. The air flow around a building

Air flow grid iron pattern Air flow checkboard pattern

Form of the buildings, specially in

It was completed in December 2003 and

Effect of opening positions

Pressure built up at inlet

Size of the openings

Effect of Venetian Effect of louvers

Wind Angle at 75˚

The driving force for the stack effect

The stack effect relies on thermal forces, set up

By using these principles and

A local wind created by acceleration

A strong, low-level wind through

Changing the direction

Wind scoop – in hot and dry climate humidification is necessary which

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