DRIVERLESS CARS

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• Embedded systems are computer systems (CPUs that contain a
suite of sensors) that are developed and programmed for a
specific task.
• Unlike other computers, where the coding can be changed or the
operating system can be customized, an embedded system is
created to receive information and then do the task it was
designed to do based on that information.
Embedded Systems and Self-Driving Cars
• Self-driving cars need to have all the necessary technology to make
these vehicles fully aware of their environment and able to react to
changes in their environment.
• These cars need to understand the safest way to react to pedestrians,
other cars on the road, road obstructions, and other driving risks.
• They also need to consider changes in weather. For example, if there
is a sudden rainstorm or snowstorm, a self-driving car needs to know
exactly how to drive safely in that environment.
Important Embedded Systems for Self-Driving Cars

• 1.Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

• Since there will be no human driver, the self-driving car will need to
think for itself as it travels between locations. For a self-driving car to
get from its starting point to its destination, it will need to have GPS.
GPS relies on signals that it receives from at least four GPS satellites.
These signals allow the car to know its location, as well as its speed
and direction. This information will help the car to drive at a safe
speed, relative to the speed of the cars around it.
• 2. Radar Systems
• Radar is already used in many cars that have ACC embedded systems
or blind spot monitoring systems. The radar in self-driving cars will be
much more comprehensive. Self-driving cars will need to have front-
facing and rear-facing radar systems to provide the car with the
information about the objects around the vehicle. It will inform the
car when an object is too close so that the car will be able to react
accordingly. The 24GHz radar, often placed in or near the front and
rear bumpers, is already being used in cars for short and mid-range
collision avoidance, self-parking, and blind spot detection. However,
in self-driving cars, the radar systems will need to be more advanced.
• 3. Forward-Looking Cameras and Other Sensors
• Forward-looking cameras as well as radar will work together to give
the car more information about its surroundings. Not only will it help
inform the car of any obstructions, but it will also inform it about any
traffic signs or lights, junctions, and any other information that it will
need to know in order to correctly interact with any other vehicles on
the road. Radar itself would not be able to detect this type of
information, which is why automakers will need to rely on developing
forward-looking cameras that will gather this information and other
embedded systems will calculate exactly what the car should do
based on this information.
• Google has also uses other sensors such as light detection and
ranging (LIDAR), which can construct 3D images and calculate the
range to objects that are further down the road.
• The current Tesla autopilot uses sonar to detect any objects that are
16 feet away - close to the vehicle. These sensors, with the radar, will
all be working together to create an accurate depiction of the
environment around the vehicle. The more information that is given
to the vehicles, the safer the ride will be for the passengers.
• 4. Digitally Controlled, Highly Precise Braking Systems
• When it comes to safety, a braking system is extremely important.
Unlike the other embedded systems that gather information, this
embedded safety system reacts to the information that it has been
given. Your braking system will need to take into account any
obstructions on the road. It will also need to take into account any
hazardous road conditions that are caused by weather changes. While
cars that use ACC already have digitally controlled braking systems,
the systems in self-driving cars will need to be highly precise and be
able to break in accordance with all the information that the rest of
the embedded systems have given it.
The Future of Embedded Systems in Self-
Driving Cars
• As more and more automakers begin developing more self-driving cars,
engineers will have the ability to create embedded systems that will affect
how the self-driving cars interact with each other. This will make driving
safer and more efficient for everyone. These interactions could possibly
include the ability to have cars that are able to drive a particular distance
away from each other in a way that reduces drag and is more aerodynamic.
This will that more energy efficient for all the cars. Also, they will be able to
communicate with other cars, so that one car can inform the other that it
will need to brake ahead. Scientists are researching strategies that cars can
use to work together to help everyone get to the destination faster and
engineers will be able to develop technology with these strategies in mind.
Engineers constantly need to adapt and continue to experiment in order to
perfect their embedded systems for self-driving car.
• The reliability, efficiency and cost effectiveness of an autonomous veh
icle dependmainly on how judiciously its navigation sensors,
perception unit and computer control isincorporated and how well
their performance meets today’s transportation needs. Quite of ten
ahuman driver is forced to maintain attention for long periods of time
and commit tounpredictable contingencies on the free ways together
with traffic jams. All this leads to fatigueand hypovigiliance at the
wheel and consequently to more frequent collisions and congestion.
• The vehicle is required toblend its environmental
perceptioncapabilities with its intelligent controlsin order to effect
optimal path-planningstrategies that not only avoid obstaclesbut also
minimize criteria such as timeof travel, fuel consumption, exposureto
pollution/danger, etc. however basicdriving functions consists of lane-
keeping, safe distance maintenance, timely lane changing and
overtaking. The key to all thesedriving tasks is collision avoidance.
• The new generation microprocessors promises further increase in
systemcapabilities while simultaneously shrinking both volume and power
consumption of theautonomous vehicle embedded system. The digital
road maps, available on CD-ROM’s havesubstantially increased safety of
automobiles. These maps along with GPS navigation providea feasible
solution to autonomous vehicle system. The expert system technologies
areintegrated with digital maps along with the CCD camera
images, magnetic compass, and theGPS system, for obtaining a real time
intelligent decision support navigation package. Theintegration of GPS and
communication suggests an efficient transportation system forincreasing
the road traffic safety smooth driving without traffic jams and a
comfortable drivingenvironment. Further more the autonomous vehicle
relies on such intelligent system integrationthat leads to complete collision
free in time of real time situation.