3D Modelling: DR Rajesh Panda Sto - Cad/Cam - Cipet

3D MODELLING
By
Dr Rajesh Panda
STO – CAD/CAM – CIPET.
3D MODELLING
Making a model in all x, y, and z

coordinates termed to be three
dimensional modeling
3D MODELLING
The three dimensional modelling is

divided into three categories:
1.Wireframe modelling
2.Surface modelling
3.Solid modelling
• A wireframe model is described solely

in terms of points and lines.
• This is low level of 3D modelling.
• This can be adequate for some tasks
involving simple shapes.
• This is also called 2 ½ D geometry.
• One of the very common applications

of wireframe modelling is the use of
3D tool path simulation displays for
simple machining operations, such as
2 ½ axis and 3 axis milling.
• It is less demanding on computer
memory compared to the other two 3D
modelling techniques.
Limitations of Wireframe modelling
1.One of the great disadvantages of

wireframe models is the confusion
caused by their ambiguity of
orientation and viewing plane.
2.It cannot distinguish between visible
and hidden edges.
3.Inability to recognise curved profiles.
Limitations of Wireframe modelling
4.Inability to detect interference between

components. Eg. In machining tool
collisions cannot be automatically
detected.
5.Difficulty in calculating physical
properties such as mass, surface area,
centre of gravity, etc.
6.No facility for automatic shading.
2. Surface modelling
• A surface model is defined in terms of

points, lines and faces.
• It may be considered as a higher level
model than wireframe and is
consequently far more versatile and
advantageous.
2. Surface modelling
• Surface modelling at present gives the

most suitable choice in some
applications, especially those which
involve the design and manufacture of
complex curved surfaces, such as car
body design and aerospace
applications.
Advantages of Surface modelling
over Wireframe modelling
1.Ability to recognize and display

complex curved profiles.
2.Ability to recognize faces and thus
provide the facility of shaded surfaces
in 3D.
3.Ability to recognize facial features
such as holes, bosses, etc.
4.Ability to display superior tool-path

simulations in 3D for multi-axis
machining operations and complex
shapes, with ease of CNC
manufacture interface.
5.Improved facility for simulation of

Robot handling.
6.Ability to calculate cross-sectional
areas, surface areas, and volumes.
7.Ability to interface with a finite stress
analysis package.
Types of Surfaces
Two basic types of surfaces are;
1. Analytical Surface
2. Synthetical Surface
1. Analytical Surface
Four Types of Analytical surfaces are;
a.Plain Surfaces
b.Rules (or) Lofted Surfaces
c.Tabulated Surfaces
d.Revolved Surfaces
a.Plain Surfaces
It is the simplest surface. It requires

three non coincident points to define
plane. The plane surface can be used
to generate cross sections by
intersecting a solid with it.
a.Plain Surfaces
It is a linear surface. It interpolates

linearly between two boundary curves
that define the surface (rails). Rails
can be any curves. This surface is
ideal for representing surfaces that do
not have any twists.
It is a surface generated by translating

a planer curve a certain distance along
a specified direction (axis of the
cylinder or directrix). The plane of the
curve is perpendicular to the directrix.
d.Revolved Surfaces
It is an axisymmetric surface that can

model axisymmetric objects. It is
generated by rotating a planer curve
in space about the axis of symmetry
to a certain angle.
d.Revolved Surfaces
2. Synthetical Surface
Five Types of Synthetical surfaces are;
a. Bezier Surface
b. B-Spline Surface
c. Coons Surfaces
d. Fillet Surface
e. Offset Surface
a. Bezier Surface
It is a surface that approximates or

interpolates given input data. It extends
the Bezier curve to surfaces. It is a
general surface that permits twists.
Bezier surface allows only global
control of the surface.
a. Bezier Surface
b. B-Spline Surface
It is a surface that can approximate or

interpolate given input data. It is a
general surface like a Bezier surface
but with the advantage of permitting
local control of the surface.
b. B-Spline Surface
c. Coons Surfaces
The previously described surfaces are

used with either open boundaries or
given data points. A Coons patch is
used to create a surface using curves
that form closed boundaries.
c. Coons Surfaces
d. Fillet Surface
It is a B-spline surface that blends two

surfaces together. The two original
surfaces may or may not be trimmed.
d. Fillet Surface
e. Offset Surface
Existing surfaces can be offset to

create new ones identical in shape
but with different dimensions. It is a
useful surface to use to speed up
surface creation.
e. Offset Surface
Limitations of Surface modeling
1.No comprehension of solid volume

with resulting ambiguities.
2.Hidden lines cannot be removed
easily.
3.Some surface model gives unreliable
volume data depending on the
accuracy of surface definitions.
3.Solid Modelling
• A solid model is described in terms of

the volumetric shape which it occupies.
• Solid modelling is thus the only
technique which provides a full,
unambiguous description of a 3D
shape.
• This type of modelling is the very
recent and the most advanced of the
three models.
Advantages of Solid Modelling
1. Complete definition of volumetric
shape, (ie) easy to calculate area,
volume, mass, centre of gravity &
moment of inertia etc.
2. Ability to distinguish between the
inside and outside of an object.
3. Ability to detect unwanted interference
between components.
4. Ability to provide automatic removal of
hidden lines.
5.Ability to assemble 3d models and to
see the exploded views.
6.Solid modeling greatly improves
efficiency in many design and
manufacturing applications.
7.Automatic linkage of data between all
views.
8.Large amount of editing is possible.
9.Improved simulation of mechanism
dynamics, tool path verification, and
robot handling.
10.Ability to provide clear, automatic 3d
section views through components.
11.Analytical advantages, including
efficient construction of finite elements
for analysis.
12.Ability to incorporate extensive colour
choice & tone control and also possible
to manipulate the light source and
produce shadow effects and background
settings.
3.Solid Modelling
Three types of Solid Modelling are;
a.Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

modelling
b.Constructive Representation (C-Rep)
modelling
c. Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
modelling
a.Constructive Solid
Geometry (CSG) modelling
In CSG a complex model can be

constructed in a building block manner
using primitives by combining shapes
or subtracting or intersecting them from
each other. It is relatively easy to
construct. It is compact in storage
requirement, but slow in producing
pictures.
b.Constructive Representation
(C-Rep) modelling
Constructing the C-Rep model, solid

primitives may be created by sweeping
2D areas in 3D space as with surface
modelling, but with the essential
difference that one solid volume is now
generated. Then by doing Boolean
operations solid models are
constructed.
c. Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) modelling
To create models using B-Rep, the

same techniques may be used. Ie.
Primitives may be formed with linear
or rotational sweeps and composite
shapes built up using Boolean
operations.
(B-Rep) modelling
C-Rep modellers recognize a composite

body in terms of the primitive solids from
which it was built, where as a B-Rep
modeller recognize that body in terms of
the edges and faces.
(B-Rep) modelling
• The main advantage of B-Rep

modelling is the boundary profiles
which may be more easily modified.
• B-Rep systems are more demanding

on memory capacity.
(B-Rep) modelling
• CAD/CAM softwares employs C-Rep,

CSG and B-Rep modelling concepts.
B-Rep modelling gives the designer
more freedom in building complex
models.
• It also more expensive on memory
requirement.
Solid modelling Primitives
Solid models are built from basic building

blocks called solid modelling primitives.
These are defined in terms of their solid
shape, size, position and orientation. The
primitives are combined by a
mathematical set of Boolean operations
to create solid.
Solid modelling Primitives
Basic modelling primitives are;
1.Block
2.Cylinder
3.Cone
4.Sphere
Boolean Operators
These are the essential tools in

building up the solid model. In this
they define the relationship between
neighbouring primitives. Boolean
operators are based on algebraic set
theory.
Boolean Operators
The three Boolean operators are;
1.Union
2.Difference (or) subtract
3.Intersection
SURFACE MODELS
SOLID MODELS
THANK YOU

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3D MODELLING

Making a model in all x, y, and z

The three dimensional modelling is

• A wireframe model is described solely

• One of the very common applications

1.One of the great disadvantages of

4.Inability to detect interference between

• A surface model is defined in terms of

• Surface modelling at present gives the

1.Ability to recognize and display

4.Ability to display superior tool-path

5.Improved facility for simulation of

Two basic types of surfaces are;

Four Types of Analytical surfaces are;

It is the simplest surface. It requires

It is a linear surface. It interpolates

It is a surface generated by translating

It is an axisymmetric surface that can

It is a surface that approximates or

It is a surface that can approximate or

The previously described surfaces are

It is a B-spline surface that blends two

Existing surfaces can be offset to

1.No comprehension of solid volume

• A solid model is described in terms of

a.Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

In CSG a complex model can be

Constructing the C-Rep model, solid

To create models using B-Rep, the

C-Rep modellers recognize a composite

• The main advantage of B-Rep

• B-Rep systems are more demanding

• CAD/CAM softwares employs C-Rep,

Solid models are built from basic building

These are the essential tools in

The three Boolean operators are;

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