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Introduction To Polymers - Part 1

The document discusses different types of polymers including plastics, elastomers, fibers, and resins. It describes various synthetic polymers and provides information on commodity plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and ABS as well as engineering plastics.

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101 views74 pages

Introduction To Polymers - Part 1

The document discusses different types of polymers including plastics, elastomers, fibers, and resins. It describes various synthetic polymers and provides information on commodity plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and ABS as well as engineering plastics.

Uploaded by

Bubai111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS

Dr. Prakash Trivedi


NPCIL, Mumbai
14th Jan 2003
WHAT ARE POLYMERS?
• MOST ORGANIC/INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE OF LOW MOLE.
WTS. <1000.
• POLYMERS HAVE MOLE. WTS.
RANGING FROM 10000 TO SEVERAL
MILLIONS! THEY ARE BUILT FROM
SMALL MOLECULES - MONOMERS -
BY COVALENT BONDS.
POLYMERS
• POLYMERS CAN BE BROADLY DEVIDED
INTO:
• NATURAL & SYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
• SYNTHETIC POLYMERS CAN BE FURTHER
DEVIDED INTO:
• PLASTICS.
• ELASTOMERS OR RUBBERS.
• FIBERS.
• RESINS.
NATURAL POLYMERS
• DNA/RNA: POLYPHOSPHATE
• PROTEINS, SILK, HAIR: POLYAMIDES
• WOOD, COTTON: CELLULOSICS
• NAT.RUBBER: POLYISOPRENES
INORGANIC POLYMERS
• SILICONE OILS AND RUBBER
• POLYSULFIDES
• POLYPHOSPHAZENES
• HYBRIDES, SOL-GELS
TYPES OF POLYMERS: 1
ELASTOMERS
• ELASTOMERS: Tg < -100 TO -20°C, NO OR
LOW CRYSYTALLINITY. NAT. RUBBER, PBd,
SBR, EPDM, NBR
• TOUGH, FLEXIBLE, RETRACTABLE,
RESISTANT TO OIL, SOLVENT, UV,
ABRASION.
• GENERALLY USED AS CROSS-LINKED
MATERIALS, WITH FILLERS ADDED.
• USED IN PLASTICS AS IMPACT MODIFIERS.
TYPES OF POLYMERS: 2
FIBRES
• FIBRES: HIGH Tm & CRYSTALLINITY. PE,
PET, NYLONS, POLYIMIDES.
• HIGH STRENGTH, INFLEXIBLE, RESISTANT
TO CHEMICALS, WATER, DYEABLE
• STRUCTURELY SAME AS PLASTIC
COUNTERPARTS, ONLY MOLE. WTS ARE
DIFFERENT, USUALLY LOWER.
• ORIENTED GIVING HIGH CRYSTALLINITY
THAN THEIR PLASTICS COUNTERPARTS.
TYPES OF POLYMERS: 3
RESINS
• RESINS: USED FOR COATINGS, PAINTS,
ADHESIVES, SEALENTS, GLUES.
• PVAc, ACRYLATES, CYANOACRYLATES,
PVC, SBS.
• SOLVENT OR EMULSION BASED OR HOT
MELTS, LOWER Tg, CAN BE CURED TO
GIVE TOUGH FILMS WHICH STICKS ON A
GIVEN SURFACE OR TWO SURFACES.
•
TYPES OF POLYMERS: 4
THERMOSETS
• THERMOSETS: CROSSED LINKED
POLYMERS OF HIGH STRENGTH AND
THERMAL STABILITY.
• FORMALDEHYDE POLYMERS WITH
PHENOL, UREA, MELAMINE, EPOXY, PU,
POLYIMIDES.
• RESISTANT TO CHEMICALS, HEAT,
ABRASION, FLAME. GOOD ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
THERMOPLASTICS
• CRYSTALLINE/LOW Tg <25C, LOW Tm
<180°C: LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP.
• AMORPHOUS/HIGH Tg >50°C: PS, SAN, ABS,
PVC, PMMA, PVAc, PU.
• AMORPHOUS/V. HIGH Tg >130°C: PC, PPE,
PSU, PEI, PPSU, PES.
• CRYSTALLINE/HIGH Tm >150°C: PET, PBT,
POM, NYLONS, PPS, PTFE, LCP, PEEK.
COMMODITY PLASTICS
• Tg0 C Tm0 C
• LDPE - 110
• HDPE - 130
• LLDPE - 130
• PP - 170
• PS/HIPS 100 ---
• PVC 80 ---
ENGINEERING PLASTICS
• ABS, SAN, SMA, SPMI, SAMS, SMMA
• PMMA, PMI, CPVC
• PC, PCET – PC/PBT, PC/PET, PC/ABS
• PPE- PPE/PA, PPE/PP, PPE/HIPS
• POM, COPOM – IMP.POM
• PET, PTT, PBT – PET/PBT
• PA4.6, 6, 6.6, 11, 12 – PA/PP, PA/PO
• PU
ENGINEERING PLASTICS-1
AMORPHOUS
• Tg C
• ABS, SAN 100-
• SMA 120
• PMMA/PMI 100-130
• PC/PC ESTER 130-
• PPE- HIPS BLEND 150-200
ENGINEERING PLASTICS –2
CRYSTALLINE
• Tg Tm C
• PPE/PA 66 BLEND --- >250
• POM
• PET 56 256
• PBT 2
• PA 6 226
• PA 66 260
• PA 46 290
• PA 11 & 12 190
SPECIALTY PLASTICS
• Tg Tm C
• POLYSULFONE 189 ---
• POLYETHER IMIDE 212 ---
• POLYPHENYL SULFONE 222 ---
• POLYETHER SULFONE 225 ---
• POLYPHENYL SULFIDE 80 288
• LCPs 150-180 280-380
• PEEK/PEK 145-165 340-365
GCL
THERMOPLASTICS
PYRAMID
P
^ ^
D
E E
R PPSU PAEK V
C
F PES LCP R O
O P PSU E L
PPS
R R A U
M I S M
C PC PA E
A POM I
E PPE
N PET/PBT N
ABS
C G
E PMMA PS LLDPE HDPE
PVC LDPE

AMORPHOUS CRYSTALLINE
POLYETHYLENES
• HOMOPOLYMERS - LDPE, HDPE. GAS
PHASE OR SLURRY PZN. USING FREE
RADICAL OR ZIEGLER-NATTA TYPE
CATALYSTS. MAJOR PLAYERS DOW,
EXXON, BOREALIS, BP, SOLVAY.
• LOWER DENSITY, GOOD TOUGHNESS
& ELONGATION, GOOD ELECTRICALS
SOLVENT RESISTANCE. EASY
PROCESSIBILITY.
• PACKAGING, COATING, ELE. CABLE
SHEATHS, PIPES, TANKS, W. SACKS
POLYPROPYLENES
• GAS OR SLURRY PHASE ZIEGLER-
NATTA OR METALOCENE CATALYST
BP, BASEL, EXXON, SOLVAY, MOBILE
• TOUGH, V.LIGHT, CAN BE FIILED,
HIGH TEMP. RESISTANCE &
STRENGTH
• AUTO BUMPERS, DASHBOARDS,
EQUIPMENT PARTS, W. SACKS,
FURNITURE, FILMS, TAPES
FILAMENTS, PLUMBING, SPORTS
PP APPLICATIONS
POLYSTYRENS
• PS HOMOPOLYMER, GRAFT WITH PBD
USING MASS, FREE RADICAL PZN.
• PBD USED FOR IMPACT IMPROVEMENTS.
• TRANSPARENT-OPAQUE , COLORABLE,
HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH GLOSS, GOOD
PROCESSIBILITY, ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES, GOOD RIGIDITY.
• APPLIANCES, PACKAGING, TOYS, FRIDGE
CABINETS, CUTLERY
ABS
• GRAFT TERPOLYMER OF STYRENE,
ACRYLONITRILE & PBD PLUS
BLENDED SAN.
• HIGH IMPACT, HIGH GLOSS,HIGH
DIMENTION STABILITY,
COLORABILITY, CHEM. RESISTANCE.
• AUTO, OFFICE EQUIPMENTS, TOYS,
LUGGAGE, BLENDING WITH OTHER
PLASTICS LIKE PVC, PC, PSU.
PVC
• SUSPENSION, MASS OR EMULSION PZN. OF
VCM. COPOLYMER WITH PROPYLENE
(<5%), VINYL ACETATE (<20%).
• RIGID, SEMIRIGID OR FLEXIBLE AS
PLASTICISED.
• PIPES & FITTINGS, WINDOW PROFILE,
CABLE INSULATION & SHEATH, SHOES,
LEATHERCLOTH, TOYS, LUGGEGE, TILES,
ETC.
PMMA
• SUSPENSION AS BEADS OR MASS
PZN. AS SHEETS.
• HIGH STRENGTH, TRANSPARENT, UV
RESISTANT, HIGH GLOSS, BRIGHT
COLORS.
• AD BOARDS, AUTO LIGHTS, LENS,
BATHTUBS, GLAZZING, OPTICAL
CABLES, ADDITIVES.
PET/PBT
• MASS PZN. OF PTA OR DMT WITH
MEG AND PTA/DBA. MNF. DUPONT,
ICI, BASF, AKZO, EASTMEN, BAYER
• HIGH STRENGTH & STIFFNESS, HIGH
CHEM. & CREEEP RESISTANCE, GOOD
PROCESSIBILITY, GLASS FILLING, V.
GOOD IMPACT, TRANSPARENCY.
• TEXTILES, INSULATION & MAGNETIC
TAPES, PHOTO FILMS, BOTTLES,
PACKAGING, ELE. MOLDINGS, AUTO
COMPONENTS, GEARS, APPLIANCES
NYLONS
• MASS PZN. OF CAPROLACTAM FOR
NYLON 6 & ADIPIC ACID/HMDA FOR
NYLON 66. MANY COMBINATIONS
AVAILABLE FROM DUPONT, BASF,
DSM, HULS, ELF, ALLIED, AKZO,
• CRYSTALLINE, HIGH STRENGTH,
HIGH TEMP. SOLVENT, WEAR &
FRICTION RESISTANT, MACHINABLE
• FIBERS & FILAMENTS, GEARS, SEALS
BEARINGS, AUTOPARTS, BRISTLES
NETS, FILMS, IMPELORS, BLOWMOLD
CABLE JACKATING, BLENDING
POM
• SOLUTION HOMO /CO PZN OF HCHO
& EO, BLENDING WITH RUBBER.
• HIGH TOUGHNESS, FRICTION/WEAR
& CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, PARTLY
CRYSTALLINE.
• PARTS OF EQUIPMENTS, GEARS,
SPOOLS, HOUSING, PUMPS, BEARING,
AUDIO/VIDEO PARTS.
PPE BLENDS
• SOLUTION PZN. OF XYLENOL USING
CATALYST/AIR.
• DIFFICULT TO MOLD/PROCESS AS
SUCH.
• BLENDS WITH POLYSTYRENE,
NYLONS, PP ARE POPULAR. V. GOOD
ELECTRICAL, H2O RESISTANCE.
• GE PLASTICS, ASAHI CHEM.
PC
• INTERFACIAL PZN. OF BISPHENOL A +
PHOSGENE OR MASS PZN OF
DIPHENYL CARBONATE WITH BIS A.
MNF. GEP, BAYER, DOW, TEIJIN
• MOST IMPACT RESISTANT, HIGH
STRENGTH, CRYSTAL CLEAR, GOOD
ELECTRICALS, WEATHERING,
COLORABLE
• OPTICAL DATA STORAGE, WINDOWS,
TRAFIC LIGHTS, REFLECTORS,
GREEN HOUSES, AUTOBODY,
HELMETS, GLASS REPLACEMENT
PU
• CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION OF
MGI/PDI WITH POLYOL USING DIAMINE
CHAIN EXTENSION.
• MAJOR PLAYERS
BASF, BAYER, GOODRICH, ICI
• VERSATILE IN RANGE OF HARDNESS,
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, CAN BE FOAMED.
• FOAMS USED AS INSULATION, CUSHIONING
FOR CARPET, FURNITURE, AUTOMOBILES.
• ELASTOMERS: FOOTWEAR, MACHINERY
HOUSINGS.
POLYSULFONES
• HIGH TEMP. SOLUTION PZN. OF
DCDPS WITH DIHYDROXY COMP.
MNF. BY SOLVAY, BASF, SUMITOMO
• V.HIGH STRENGTH, IMPACT,
TRANSPARENCY, FLAME, SOLVENT,
TEMP., RADIATION,HYDROLYSIS
RESISTANCE, AMBER, AMORPHOUS
• MEDICAL, MEMBRANE, COATINGS,
ELECTRONIC/ELECTRICAL, FOOD,
PLUMBING, INTERIORS
PPS
• HIGH TEMP. PZN OF DCB WITH Na2S
IN NMP WITH CAT. MADE BY
PHILLIPS, TICONA, DAICEL
• HIGH STRENGTH & STIFFNESS, PART
CRYSTALLINE, HIGH FILLING, HIGH
RTI, V. HIGH SOLVENT, FLAME, HEAT
RESISTANT, ELECTRICAL PROPERTY
• AUTOPARTS, IMPELLORS, VALVES,
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS,
COATING, MOLDED GOODS
LCP
• MASS OR SLURRY PZN. AT V.HIGH
TEMP. GIVING LC POLYESTERS BY
DUPONT, TICONA, SOLVAY,
SUMITOMO,
• V.LOW VISCOSITY AT PROCESSING
TEMP. GIVING V.HIGH FLOW,
STRENGTH IN FLOW DIRECTION,
HIGH FILLER CONTENT
• ELE. CONNECTORS, MOLDED GOODS,
BLENDING, FILMS
AROM. POLYIMIDES
• SOLUTION PZN. TO POLYAMIC ACID
• SHAPED ARTICLES CONVERTED INTO
PI PRODUCTS LONG ANNEALING
CYCLES
• CASTING INTO FILM, INJ. MOLDING
• DUPONT, SOLVAY.
• OUTSTANDING THERMAL,
CHEMICAL, WEAR RESISTANCE.
PTFE
• SUSPENSION PZN. OF TFE. ALSO
AVAILABLE AS COPO. MAJOR
PLAYERS DUPONT, AUSIMONT
• EXTREMELY INERT TO CHEMICALS,
HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE, MALEABLE,
NEEDS SP. PROCESSING, HIGH TEMP.
FLAME, FRICTION RESISTANT
• RODS, TAPES, VALVES, PIPE LININGS,
TUBES, CABLE INSULATION
PEEK
• PZN. OF DFBP WITH HYDROQUINONE
AT 340C IN DPS BY VICTREX. PZN OF
PEEK ACID DERIVATIVE IN ACIDS AT
LOW TEMP. BY GCL.
• HIGHEST RTI, HIGH SOLVENT, FLAME
WEAR RESISTANCE, ELECTRICALS,
HIGH STREGTH, FILLED GRADES,
• FILAMENTS, STOCK SHAPE, GEARS,
VALVE SEATS, MOLDINGS FOR
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC, FILMS,
INDUSTRIAL COMPONENTS FROM GATONE™ PEEK
INDIAN SCENARIO: 1
• LDPE: IPCL
• HDPE: IPCL, RIL, GAIL, HALDIA
• LLDPE: IPCL, RIL, GAIL, HALDIA
• PP: RIL, IPCL, HALDIA
• PS/HIPS: LG, SUPREME, BASF
• PVC: RIL, IPCL, SRC, FINOLEX,
CHEMPLAST
• ABS: BAYER, BHANSALI
• PMMA: GSFC
INDIAN SCENARIO: 2
• PET: DSM, PEARL, RIL.
• NYLON 6: GSFC, SRF.
• PTFE: HIND. FLUORO.
• PI: ABR ORG.
• PES, PSU, PPSU, PEEK: GHARDA.
• SP. COMOUNDERS: GEP, DUPONT,
DSM, GHARDA, SRF.
GCL

POLYMER PLANT AT PANOLI,GUJAR


ISO-9001 2000 CERTIFIED
GHARDA CHEMICALS LTD.

SPECIALTY POLYMERS
GAFONE™PES GAFONE™-S PSU

GAFONE™-P PPSU GATONE™PEEK


For more information

VISIT US AT
www.ghardapolymers.com
mail us at: [email protected]

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