5.1 Gas-Student
5.1 Gas-Student
5.1 Gas-Student
5.1 Gas
At the end of this lesson, students should be able
to;
2
States of Matter
A form of matter that has ____definite shape or volume
The particles are _____________ moving & bouncing off
each other
When gas is placed in a container, the particles spread out
to_________the container and take its shape.
The particles are _______ to move and flow, which means all
gases are fluids
Unlike solids & liquids, gases are very ___________.
Gases have much __________ densities than liquids
& solids.
Objects with lower densities float in fluids with higher
densities.
Property Gas
Definite Shape
Definite Volume
Compressible
Fluid
Particle Spacing
UNIT OF PRESSURE
Force
Pressure =
Area
12
THE GAS LAWS
Pressure (P)
Boyle’s law
Volume (V)
Charles’s law
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
pressure is inversely
proportional to volume
V
P a 1/V P x V = constant
15
a) Boyle’s Law
Graph of pressure vs 1 has the
following shape : volume
P
pressure is directly
proportional to 1/volume
1
V
P a 1/V P x V = constant
16
a) Boyle’s Law
PV
PV = constant
P a 1/V P x V = constant
17
Example EXAMPLE – 1
P1V1 = P2V2
ANS:
4460 mmHg 18
Ans: EXAMPLE – 01
ANS:
4460 mmHg 19
EXAMPLE– 02
A cylinder contains a gas at 5.25 atm pressure.
When the gas allowed to expand to a final
volume of 12.5 L, the pressure drop to 1.85 atm.
What was the original volume of the gas?
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
5.25 atm x V1 = 1.85 atm x 12.5 L
V1 = 4.40 L
ANS:
4.40 L 20
CHARLES’S LAWS
V = constant
T T in Kelvin (K)!
V1 V2
=
T1 T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15
= 0 K ( Kelvin)
= absolute zero
P1,…P4 are
various gases
22
Absolute zero (0 K or –273.15 oC) is the
temperature at which an ideal gas would have
zero volume
Absolute temperature has never been reached.
But physicists have attained temperature as
low as 10–9 K
23
b) Charles’s Law
V
VaT V
V = constant
T
0 T(K) -273.15
T(0C)
24
EXAMPLE – 03
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies
3.20 L at 125 oC. At what temperature will the
gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure
remains constant?
V1 V2
T1 T2
ANS:
192 K 25
Ans: EXAMPLE – 03
ANS:
192 K 26
EXAMPLE – 04
What is the effect of the following on the volume
of 1 mol of an ideal gas?
a) The temperature decreased from 700 K to
350 K (at constant P).
b) The temperature is increased from 350oC
to 700oC (at constant P).
27
EXAMPLE – 05
An engineer pumps air at 0oC into a newly
designed piston–cylinder assembly. The volume
measures 6.83 cm3. At what temperature (in K)
would the volume be 9.75 cm3?
V1 = V2
T1 T2
6.83 = 9.75
273.15 T2
T2 = 389.92 K
ANS:
390 K 28
AVOGADRO’S LAWS
At constant pressure and temperature,
the volume of a gas is _______ proportional to
the number of moles of the gas present
V = constant
n
V1 V2
=
n1 n2
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregua e di Cerreto (1776-1856).
Italian mathematical physicist. 29
EXAMPLE – 06
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide
(NO) and water vapor. How many liters of NO
are obtained from one liter of ammonia at the
same temperature and pressure?
V1 = V 2
n1 n2
ANS:1 L 30
Ans: EXAMPLE – 06
31
EXAMPLE – 07
Suppose we have a 12.2–L sample containing
0.50 mol of O2 gas at a pressure of 1 atm and
a temperature of 25oC.
If all of this O2 is converted to ozone (O3) at the
same temperature and pressure, what will the
volume of the ozone? V =V
1 2
3O2(g) 2O3(g) n1 n2
ANS: 8.1 L
32
Ans: EXAMPLE – 07
From the equation:
3O2(g) 2O3(g)
3 mol of O2 produce 2 mol of O3
So, 0.50 mol of O2 produce 0.50 x 2
3
= 0.333 mol O3
V1 = 12.2 L V2 = ?
n1 = 0.50 mol n2 = 0.333 mol
By using the Avogadro’s law:
V1 V2
V2 = P , T fixed
12.2 L n1 n2
=
0.50 mol 0.333 mol
33
V2 = 8.1 L
Example EXAMPLE – 08
ANS: 2.24 L 34
Solution
Ans: EXAMPLE – 08
37
EXAMPLE – 09
A sample of nitrogen has a volume of 880 mL
and a pressure of 740 torr. What pressure
will change the volume to 870 mL at the same
temperature?
ANS:
749 torr 38
Ans: EXAMPLE – 09
ANS:
749 torr 39
EXAMPLE – 10
Anesthetic gas is normally given to a patient
when the room temperature is 20.0oC and the
patient’s body temperature is 37oC.
What would this temperature change do
to 1.60 L of gas if the pressure and mass
stay constant.
ANS:
1.69 L 40
Ans: EXAMPLE – 10
ANS:
1.69 L 41
EXAMPLE – 12
A sample of a gas has a pressure of 850 torr
at 285oC. To what oC temperature must
the gas be heated to double its pressure if
there is no change in the volume of the gas?
ANS:
843.15 oC 42
Ans: EXAMPLE –12
ANS:
843.15 oC 43
EXERCISE – 01
A 1–L steel tank is fitted with a safety valve that
opens if the internal pressure exceeds
1.00 x 103 torr. It is filled with helium at 23oC and
0.991 atm and placed in boiling water at exactly
100oC. Will the safety valve open?
ANS:
P2 = 949 torr
The valve will not open 44
EXERCISE – 02
What is the effect of the following on the volume
of 1 mol of an ideal gas?
a) The pressure is tripled (at constant T).
b) The absolute temperature is increased by
a factor of 2.5 (at constant P).
c) Two more moles of the gas are added
(at constant P and T).
Using Boyle’s law:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 n , T constant
An ideal gas,
ANS: P1 = 1 atm P2 = 3
a) Volume is reduced to 1/3 its original value V1 = 1L V2 = ? 45
b) Volume is increased by a factor of 2.5
c) Volume is increased by a factor of 4
COMBINED GAS LAW
VaT ( n fixed )
P
PV = constant
T
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
46
EXAMPLE – 13
A sample of argon is trapped in a gas bulb
at a pressure of 760 torr when the volume is
100 mL and the temperature is 35oC.
What must it temperature be (in oC) if its
pressure becomes 720 torr and its volume
200 mL?
ANS:
311oC 47
Ans: EXAMPLE – 13
ANS:
311oC 48
EXAMPLE – 14
ANS:
2.6 atm 49
Ans: EXAMPLE – 14
ANS:
2.6 atm 50
EXERCISE – 03
A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake,
where the temperature and pressure are 8oC and
6.4 atm, to the water’s surface, where the
temperature is 25oC and pressure is 1.0 atm.
Calculate the final volume (in mL) of the bubble
if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.
ANS:
14 mL 51
More Exercise ….
52
More Excercise ….
53
Conclusion Complete the table below :
Definition For a fixed amount of gas at For a fixed amount of At constant P and T,
a constant T, gas volume is gas at a constant P, the the volume of a gas
inversely proportional to gas gas volume is directly is directly
pressure proportional to the proportional to the
temperature (in Kelvin) number of moles of
the gas present
Formula V1 = V2 V1 = V 2
P1V1 = P2V2 T1 = T2 n1 = n2
Graph a) P vs V a) V vs T(K)
b) P vs 1/V b) V vs T(0C)
c) PV vs P
54
55
5.1 Gas
56
IDEAL GAS
V a 1 V a T V a n
P
Combination of those 3 laws :
58
REMINDER
Ideal gas
obey the ideal gas equation
CHECK the unit when calculate : P, V, R
and T,
59
Units for pressure, volume, universal
gas constant and temperature
60
From ideal gas equation, we can write:
At 273 K (0oC) – at STP 1 mole gas occupied 22.4 L
PV
R
nT
1 atm x 22.414 L
1 mol x 273.15 K
= 0.082057 L atm
K mol
= 0.082057 L atm K-1 mol-1
61
EXERCISE – 4
In one lab, the gas collecting apparatus used
a gas bulb with a volume of 250 mL.
How many grams of Na2CO3(s) would needed
to prepare enough CO2(g) to fill this bulb to
a pressure of 738 torr at a temperature of 23oC?
ANS:
1.06 g Na2CO3 62
Ans:
Ans:EXAMPLE – 12
EXERCISE –4
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
mass = ? v= 250 mL
= 0.25 L
P = 738 torr
T = 23oC
By using the ideal gas equation: FIND mole CO2???
PV = nRT
n = RT
PV
ANS:
1.06 g Na CO
SOLVING GAS LAW PROBLEMS
Variables: P , V , n , T
64
EXAMPLE:
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Boyle’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Avogadro’s Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
= Use Combined Gas Law
n1 T1 n2 T2
65
One variable is unknown, but the
three are known and no change occurs
66
EXAMPLE – 16
ANS:
4.76 L
67
Ans: EXAMPLE – 16
68
Ans: EXAMPLE – 16
ANS:
4.76 L 69
ACTIVITY – 01
PV = nRT
71
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01
b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa
V = 22.414 L = 22.414 x 10–3 m3
n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)
PV = nRT
72
Ans: ACTIVITY – 01
b) At STP,
P = 1 atm = 760 torr
V = 22.414 L n = 1 mol T = 273.15 K (0 oC)
73
74
5.1 Gas
i. define
i. Partial pressure
ii. Dalton’s law
75
FURTHER APPLICATION
OF IDEAL GAS EQUATION
n P Where n = m
=
V RT M
m = P
MV RT
or
79
Example EXAMPLE – 18
A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow
compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that
its density is 7.71 g L-1 at 36°C and 2.88 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
80
Solution
Ans: EXAMPLE – 18
RT
Molar mass
P
(7.71 g L-1) (0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1) (309K)
(2.88 atm)
81
EXERCISE – 19
A series of measurements are made in order to
determine the molar mass of an unknown gas.
First, a large flask is evacuated and found to
weigh 134.567 g. It is then filled with the gas
to a pressure of 735 torr at 31oC and reweighed;
its mass now 137.456 g. Finally, the flask is filled
with water at 31oC and found to weigh 1067.9 g.
(The density of water at this temperature is
0.997 g/mL).
Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
ANS:
79.7 g.mol
82
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……..
EXAMPLE:
Gas A Gas B
Volume of
container = V
PT = PA + PB
n ART nBRT
=
V V
n TRT
PT = where nA + nB = nT
V
X A= n A
nT 86
EXAMPLE – 20
A gaseous mixture made from 6.00 g O2 and
9.00 g CH4 is placed in a 15.0–L vessel at 0oC;
PO2 = nO2 RT
V
88
aEXAMPLE
Ans: – 22– 21
EXAMPLE 2.1
9.00 g
Mole of CH4 = = 0.563 mol CH4
16.01 g/mol
By using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
Partial pressure of methane, PCH4 V = nCH4 RT
P CH4 = nCH4 RT
V
=
89
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 22– 21
EXAMPLE 2.1
PTotal = PO + PCH
2 4
90
EXERCISE – 5
What is the total pressure exerted by a mixture
of 2.00 g of H2 and 8.00 g of N2 at 273 K in
a 10.0–L vessel.
ANS:
2.86 atm 91
EXAMPLE– –2322
EXAMPLE 2.1
ANS:
PNe = 1.214 atm
Given, mole Ne: 4.46 mole , Find PAr , Pxe , Pne ????
Ar : 0.76 mole PT = 2.0 atm
Xe : 2.15 mole = PAr + Pxe + Pne
nNe
XNe =
nNe + nAr + nXe
PNe = XNePT
93
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 23– 22
EXAMPLE 2.1
nAr
XAr = =
nNe + nAr + nXe
PAr = XArPT
nXe
XXe = =
nNe + nAr + nXe
PXe = XXePT
94
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 23– 22
EXAMPLE 2.1
95
EXERCISE – 6
From the data gathered by Voyager 1, scientists
have estimated the composition of the atmosphere
of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon.
The total pressure on the surface of
Titan is 1220 torr. The atmosphere consists
82.0 mol percent N2, 12.0 mol percent Ar, and
6.0 mol percent CH4. Calculate the partial
pressure of each of these gases in Titan’s
atmosphere.
ANS:
1.0 x 103 torr N2
1.5 x 102 torr Ar
73 torr CH4 96
EXAMPLE– –2423
EXAMPLE 2.1
ANS:
P N2 = 0.37 atm
P H2 = 0.80 atm
PNH3 = 0.39 atm 97
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 24– 23
EXAMPLE 2.1
n N2
Mole fraction of N2 = X N2 =
n N2 + n H2 + n NH3
P N2 = X N2PT
99
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 24– 23
EXAMPLE 2.1
n H2
Mole fraction of H2 = X H2 =
n N2 + n H2 + n NH3
P H2 = X H2PT
10
0
EXAMPLE
Ans: – 24– 23
EXAMPLE 2.1
n NH3
Mole fraction of NH3 = X NH3 =
n N2 + n H2 + nNH3
PNH3= XNH3PT
10
1
EXERCISE – 7
A mixture of noble gases consisting of 5.50g
of He, 15.0 g of Ne, and 35.0 g of Kr is placed
in a piston-cylinder assembly at STP.
Calculate the partial pressure of each gas.
10
Ans: PHe = 0.543 atm , PNe = 0.294 atm , PKr = 0.165 atm 2
COLLECTING A GAS OVER WATER
EXAMPLE:
Assumption:
The gas does not react with
water and it is not soluble in it
Ptotal = PO + PH O
2 2
Water vapour
PH O : pressure of water vapor pressure is different
2
with temperature.
( at 25oC = 23.76 mmHg )
EXAMPLE:
Ptotal = Pgas + PH O
2
ANS:
6.69 g O2
Ans: EXAMPLE – 24
PT = PO2 + PH2O
PO
2
= PT – PH O
2
= 735.5 torr – 23.8 torr
= 711.7 torr convert to atm = 711.7 torr x 1 atm
760 torr
= 0.936 atm
By using the ideal gas equation:
PO V
nO = 2
2
RT
0.936 atm x 5.45 L
Mole of O2 = = 0.209 mol O2
0.0821 L atmmol-1K-1 x 298 K
Ans:
0.23 g NaN3
Excercise EXERCISE – 9
10
9
Conclusion Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT
We can rearranged the Ideal Gas
Equation to several equation
V = nRT PV = nRT
= PM
P RT
P = nRT n = PV
V RT
Mass = PV.M C= P
M = mass. RT
RT RT
PV 11
0
Conclusion Daltons’s Law
PT = PA + PB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
X A= n A
nT
PT = n ART nBRT
V V
PT = n TRT
when nA + nB = nT
V
IDEAL GAS vs REAL GAS BEHAVIOUR
Ideal gas Real gas
Molecules of gas has Molecules of gas do occupy
negligible volume some space
depends on size of atoms
and bond lengths
Molecules of gas do not There are attractive and
attract / repulse one repulsive force among
another molecules
intermolecular forces of Has intermolecular
gas molecule is interaction
negligible
Obey ideal gas equation Obey Van Der Waals eq;
n2a
PV = n R T P + (V – nb) = nRT
V2 11
2
DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR
a) Low pressure
b) High temperature
11
3
Real gas behave ideally at
condition;
low pressure
high temperature
11
4
Real gas behave ideal gas
lowering P to
When V increase,
gas molecules
intermolecular force
volume of gas molecules
obey _____________________ theory
the gas behave
Real gas behave ideal gas
high T
When kinetic energy high;
___________from attractive force
intermolecular force is
obey _________________ theory
the gas behave ________
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
At Lower temperature,
the kinetic energy of the gas molecules
decrease
the attractive forces become significant
11
9
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION
To describe real gas behavior
condition of real gas, HIGH pressure LOW temperature
VDW equation is modified from ideal gas
equation which consider the deviations of real gas
Preal gas < Pideal gas
V real gas > V ideal gas
n2a
P + (V – nb) = nRT
V2
Johannes Diderck van der Waals (1837-1923). Dutch physicist
In real gas,
nb
V ideal = V real – nb