Muhammad Imran: Created by

RAID
Created By: Muhammad Imran

Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Why we use?
• How RAID works?
• Levels (Types)
• Reference
Introduction
• RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally
redundant array of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the
same data in different places on multiple hard disks to protect
data in the case of a drive failure. However, not all RAID levels
provide redundancy.
• Levels are from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. these are known as Standard
Levels while level 10 (1+0) and Level 01 (01) known as Nested
level because, this is created by combination of exiting levels.
• Not used for Public , used only within organization- too
expensive is the reason.
History
• The term "RAID" was invented by David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and
Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. In their June
1988 paper "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)",
• Presented at the SIGMOD conference, they argued that the top
performing mainframe disk drives of the time could be beaten on
performance by an array of the inexpensive drives that had been
developed for the growing personal computer market.
• Failures would rise in proportion to the number of drives, by configuring
for redundancy, the reliability of an array could far exceed that of any large
single drive.
• Industry manufacturers later redefined the RAID acronym to stand for
"Redundant Array of Independent Disks"
Why we Use?
We use RAID for the following reasons:
• Data Redundancy
• Fault Tolerance
• Performance Improvement
How RAID works?
• RAID arrays appear to the operating system (OS) as a single logical hard
disk. RAID employs the techniques of disk mirroring or disk striping.
Mirroring copies identical data onto more than one drive. Striping
partitions each drive's storage space into units ranging from a sector (512
bytes) up to several megabytes:
• In a single-user system where large records, such as medical or other
scientific images, are stored, the stripes are typically set up to be small
(perhaps 512 bytes) so that a single record spans all the disks and can be
accessed quickly by reading all the disks at the same time.
• In a multiuser system, better performance requires that you establish a
stripe wide enough to hold the typical or maximum size record. This allows
overlapped disk I/O across drives.
7 Levels
• RAID 0
• RAID 1
• RAID 2
• RAID 3
• RAID 4
• RAID 5
• RAID 6
• RAID 10 (Nested Level)
RAID 0
• This configuration has striping, but no redundancy of data. It offers the
best performance, but no fault tolerance.
RAID 1
• Also known as disk mirroring, this configuration consists of at least two
drives that duplicate the storage of data. There is no striping. Read
performance is improved since either disk can be read at the same time.
Write performance is the same as for single disk storage.
RAID 2
• This configuration uses striping across disks, with some disks storing error
checking and correcting (ECC) information. It has no advantage over RAID
3 and is no longer used.
RAID 3
• This technique uses striping and dedicates one drive to storing parity
information. The embedded ECC information is used to detect errors. Data
recovery is accomplished by calculating the exclusive OR (XOR) of the
information recorded on the other drives. Since an I/O operation
addresses all the drives at the same time. For this reason, RAID 3 is best
for single-user systems with long record applications.
RAID 4
• This level uses large stripes, which means you can read records from any
single drive. This allows you to use overlapped I/O for read operations.
Since all write operations have to update the parity drive, no I/O
overlapping is possible. RAID 4 offers no advantage over RAID 5.
RAID 5
• This level is based on block-level striping with parity. The parity information is
striped across each drive, allowing the array to function even if one drive were to
fail. Performance that is usually better than that of a single drive, RAID 5 requires
at least three disks, but it is often recommended to use at least five disks for
performance reasons.
• RAID 5 arrays are generally considered to be a poor choice for use on write-
intensive systems because of the performance impact associated with writing
parity information. When a disk does fail, it can take a long time to rebuild a RAID
5 array. Performance is usually degraded during the rebuild time.
RAID 6
• This technique is similar to RAID 5, but includes a second parity scheme that is
distributed across the drives in the array. The use of additional parity allows the array
to continue to function even if two disks fail simultaneously. However, this extra
protection comes at a cost. RAID 6 arrays have a higher cost per gigabyte (GB) and
often have slower write performance than RAID 5 arrays.
RAID 10 (Nested Level)
• Combining RAID 1 and RAID 0, this level is often referred to as RAID 10,
which offers higher performance than RAID 1, but at a much higher cost.
In RAID 1+0, the data is mirrored and the mirrors are striped.
References

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RAID

Created By: Muhammad Imran

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