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    (Course 7) OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DESIGN

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    Observational studies observe outcomes without attempting to influence them. There are uncontrolled observational studies that observe a single group and controlled studies that observe multiple groups. Controlled studies include cohort studies, which follow groups over time differing by an exposure, and case-control studies, which compare exposures of cases with a disease to controls without the disease. Cross-sectional studies observe a population at a single point in time to examine exposure-outcome relationships.

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    (Course 7) OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DESIGN

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    ulyaamalia
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    Observational studies observe outcomes without attempting to influence them. There are uncontrolled observational studies that observe a single group and controlled studies that observe multiple groups. Controlled studies include cohort studies, which follow groups over time differing by an exposure, and case-control studies, which compare exposures of cases with a disease to controls without the disease. Cross-sectional studies observe a population at a single point in time to examine exposure-outcome relationships.

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    Observational studies observe outcomes without attempting to influence them. There are uncontrolled observational studies that observe a single group and controlled studies that observe multiple groups. Controlled studies include cohort studies, which follow groups over time differing by an exposure, and case-control studies, which compare exposures of cases with a disease to controls without the disease. Cross-sectional studies observe a population at a single point in time to examine exposure-outcome relationships.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views17 pages

    (Course 7) OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DESIGN

    Uploaded by

    ulyaamalia
    Observational studies observe outcomes without attempting to influence them. There are uncontrolled observational studies that observe a single group and controlled studies that observe multiple groups. Controlled studies include cohort studies, which follow groups over time differing by an exposure, and case-control studies, which compare exposures of cases with a disease to controls without the disease. Cross-sectional studies observe a population at a single point in time to examine exposure-outcome relationships.

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    of 17

    OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DESIGN

    Widana Primaningtyas
    Fakultas KedokteranUNS
    DEFINITION
    “ a type of study in which individuals are
    observed or certain outcomes are measured;
    no attempt is made to affect the outcome.”
    (NIH-NCI)

    • An alternatives of the experimental study ( sometimes called a natural experiment)


    • Attempt to understand cause and effect relationships
    • The researcher is not able to control how subjects are assigned to groups and or which
    treatments each group receives
    TYPES
    Observational uncontrolled study
    Observation only in one group of subject (cross-
    sectional/ survey)
    No control group
    What(s) the problem then?

    Observational controlled study


    Observation in different group of subject
    Major classification: cohort (presence of exposure) and
    case-control studies (absence or presence of a disease)
    COHORT STUDY
    • A research study tat compares a particular
    outcome in a groups of individuals who are alike
    in many ways but differ by a certain
    characteristic.
    • A study in which people are exposed to some
    factor of interest at the start of the study and
    then followed over a time period sufficent to
    allow any effects of that exposure to occur and be
    measured.
    • Framingham study... Anyone know about it?
    CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
    • An oservational study that involves the
    analysis of data collected from a population,
    or a representative subset, at one specific
    point in time.
    • This study looks at population at a single point
    in time. It examines the relationship between
    exposure and outcome prevalence in a
    defined population without regard to changes
    over time
    • Classic type: survey
    • The data being collected once; quick and
    inexpensive
    • Good to find the prevalence of a particular
    case or disease; could not tell us anything
    about the cause or the best treatment might
    be
    CASE-CONTROL STUDY
    • A study that compares two groups of people;
    those with the disease or condition under study
    (cases) and a very similar group of people who do
    not have the disease or condition.
    • A study in which a group of people who have a
    particular disease are observed to see wether
    their past exposures to some factors differ from
    those of a similar group who don’t have the
    disease.
    • Typically examines multiple exposures in
    relation to an outcome; subjects are defined
    as cases and controls; and the exposure
    historiees are compared
    • Generally researchers enroll two to four times
    more controls than cases.
    • Usually involve smaller numbers of people
    • Could be a either population based- all the
    cases and controls are randomly selected from
    same defined geographical population- or
    hospital based- all the cases and controls are
    selected from people attending a particular
    hospital.
    • Whis one is better; hospital based or
    population based? Why?
    Case control study : using Odds Ratio (positive
    disease ratio/ negative disease ratio)  ratio
    p/q

    Cohort study : using Relative Risk (positive risk


    factor proportion/ negative risk factor
    proportion)  ratio p1/p2

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