Harmonic Oscillators: Definition

Chapter 12
Harmonic Oscillators
Definition:
Electronic Oscillators = Electronic circuits that produces repetitive signals.
Observations:
1. They transform DC energy into AC energy

2. According to output signal, the electronic oscillators are divided into two major
classes:
•harmonic oscillators - sinusoidal output;
•relaxation oscillators – non-sinusoidal output.
Lucian Balut 1
Chapter 12
12.1 Preliminary
12.1.1 Classification
12.1.2 Principle of Operation. Barkhausen Relationship
12.2 RC Oscillators
12.2.1 Wien Oscillators
12.2.2 Phase Shift Oscillators
12.3 LC Oscillators
12.3.1 Hartley Oscillators (inductive feedback)
12.3.2 Colpitts Oscillators (capacitive feedback)
12.4 Cristal Oscillators
12.4.1 Quartz
12.4.2 Pierce Oscillator
Lucian Balut 2
12.1 Preliminary
Principal Characteristics:
•Oscillation frequency;
•The amplitude of the oscillation;
•Oscillation condition;
•Degree of distortion;
•Amplitude stability;
•Frequency stability.
Principal problems:
•Condition of priming oscillations;
•Oscillation frequency evaluation;
•Oscillation amplitude evaluation;
•Distortion factor evaluation.
Lucian Balut 3
12.1 Preliminary
The main classes of oscillators are defined by:
- reactive type of elements contained in the structure;
- frequency range of operation.
According to reactive type of elements contained in the structure the oscillators are divided into:
•RC oscillators;
•LC oscillators.
•Cristal oscillators
According to frequency range of operation
•Audio frequency;
•Radio frequency;
•Microwave.
Lucian Balut 4
12.1 Preliminary
12.1.2 Principle of Operation. Barkhausen Criterion
a.) Block Diagram Xi  0 X Xo
b.) Notation +
 a
Xf +
Xi - input signal
Xo - output signal
Xε - error signal
Xf - feedback signal f
X0
a-  - transfer function of the basic amplifier
X
Xf
f - transfer function of the feedback network
Xo
Lucian Balut 5
12.1 Preliminary
c.) Barkhausen Criterion
Xi  0 X Xo
Problem:
+
 a
Find the relationship between a and f if Xo ≠ 0 and Xi = 0 +
Xf
f
Solution:
X0
Let it be: A  - transfer factor of the amplifier (with feedback)
Xi
X0
A
Xi A
Xi  0
Lucian Balut 6
12.1 Preliminary
c.) Barkhausen Criterion
Xi  0 Xi  0 X Xo
Observation:
A
Xo  0 +
 a
Xf +
A Calculus
X  Xi  Xf Xi  Xf  X f
X0 X0 1 1 a
A A   
Xi X  X f X Xf 1
f 1  af

Xo Xo a
Lucian Balut 7
Oscilatoare armonice
12.1 Preliminary
c.) Barkhausen Criterion (cont.)
Xi  0 X Xo
+
A  a
Xf +
A
a af  1
1  af
f
a  a exp  ja  Amplitude condition

a f 1
f  f exp  jf  Phase condition
a  f  2k kZ
af  1
Lucian Balut 8
12.1 Preliminary
c.) Barkhausen Criterion (cont.)
a f 1 Amplitude condition
af  1
a  f  2k kZ Phase condition
Observations - The minimum value of the amplifier gain in order to start-up oscillation may be
evaluated using the amplitude condition.
- The frequency of oscillation may be evaluated using phase condition.
Lucian Balut 9
12.2 RC Oscillators
They are used in low frequency range. Only two types of RC oscillators are presented:
- Wien Oscillators
- Phase Shift Oscillators
Lucian Balut 10
12.2 RC Oscillators
a.) circuit
b.) parts duties
R1 , R2 , C 1 , C2 Wien network
c.) circuit analysis
Problems:
•Amplifier gain evaluation.
Simplification - the basic amplifier is an ideal amplifier, thus:
•Input impedance very high;

•Output impedance very low;
•Voltage gain av is real.
Lucian Balut 11
12.2 RC Oscillators
- Barkhausen criterion is used:
fv evaluation R1 C1
C2 R2
Vt Vo
Vo 1
f v ( j )  
Vt R1 C2  1 
1   j R 1C 2  
R 2 C1  R 2 C1 
Lucian Balut 12
12.2 RC Oscillators
Calculul frecventei de oscilatie
Vo 1
f v ( j )  
Vt R1 C2  1 
1   j R 1C 2  
R 2 C1  R 2 C1 
a v f v ( josc )  1 fv (jωosc) is real oscR 1C 2 

1
0 osc 
1
oscR 2 C1 R1R 2C1C2
1 1
f osc  f osc 
2 R 1R 2C1C 2 2RC
R1  R 2  R C1  C2  C
Lucian Balut 13
12.2 RC Oscillators
av Evaluation
1
f v ( josc )  f v ( josc ) 
1
R1 C2
1  3
R 2 C1
R1  R 2  R C1  C2  C
a v f v ( josc )  1
av  3
1
f v ( josc ) 
3
Lucian Balut
12.2 RC Oscillators
d.) example C
d1). circuit +EC
R1 r
RC1 RC2
C1
T1 T2 T 3 CO
C2 R2
RE1
RE CE
Vo
RL
RE2
d2). parts duties;
R1 , C1 , R2 , C2 (Wien network)
Lucian Balut 15
12.2 RC Oscillators
Observation: Two types of phase shift network
+ +
C R
R Vo C Vo
Vt Vt
- -
High pass network Low pass network
Observation
Only phase shift oscillator with high-pass network will be presented
Lucian Balut 16
12.2 RC Oscillators
a.) circuit
b.) parts duties
R, C feedback network
Lucian Balut 17
12.2 RC Oscillators
Problems:
•Amplifier gain evaluation.
Simplification - the basic amplifier is an ideal amplifier, thus:
•Input impedance very high;

•Output impedance very low;
•Voltage gain av is real.
Lucian Balut 18
12.2 RC Oscillators
I1 C I2 C I3 C
c.) circuit analysis + I4 I5
fv Evaluation
R R R
Vt Vo
-
I1  I 4  I 2
I 2  I3  I5
1
Vt  I1  I4R
jC Vo 1
1 f v ( j )  
0  I2  I5 R  I 4 R Vt  180   1 6 
jC 1  2 2 2   j 3 3 3  
  R C    R C RC 
1
0  I3  I3R  I5 R
jC
Vo  I3R
Lucian Balut 19
12.2 RC Oscillators
I1 C I2 C I3 C
c.) circuit analysis + I4 I5
R R R
Vo 1 Vt Vo
f v ( j )   -
Vt  180   1 6 
1  2 2 2   j 3 3 3  
  R C    R C RC 
1 6 1
a v f v ( josc )  1 fv (jωosc) is real 0  osc 
osc3R 3C3 oscRC 6RC
av evaluation
1
f v ( josc ) 
 180 
1  
  2 R 2C2  1
 osc  f v (osc )   a v  29
1 29
osc 
6RC
Lucian Balut 20
12.2 RC Oscillators
d.) example
+EC
R1 RC
T2
C1 C C C
T1
R2 RE RO R R R
vO
Lucian Balut 21
12.3 LC Oscillators
They are used in radio frequency range. Only two types of LC oscillators are
presented:
- Hartley Oscillators (inductive feedback)
- Colpitts Oscillators (capacitive feedback)
Lucian Balut 22
12.3 LC Oscillators
a.) circuit
b.) parts duties

Rp resistance loss of the oscillating circuit
C, L1, L2 feedback network.

Barkhausen criterion will be used. The feedback network will be cut. A voltage test Vt source will
be introduced at the amplifier input. The output signal Vf will be picked from the feedback
network output.
Barkhausen criterion leads to:

Vt  V f
V  V
t f
Lucian Balut 23
12.3 LC Oscillators
c.) circuit analysis (cont.)
Hartley Oscillator Hartley Oscillator – mesh cut
24
12.3 LC Oscillators
L2
V f  aY Vt Z e
L1  L2
1 1 1
  jC 
Ze Rp j ( L1  L2 )
jR p ( L1  L2 ) L2 Hartley Oscillator – mesh cut

V f  aY Vt
 
R p 1   2C ( L1  L2 )  j ( L1  L2 ) L1  L2
Tacking into account that the shift frequency of the amplifier is 1800, one can say:
aY  aY jRp ( L1  L2 ) L2
V f  aY Vt
 
Rp 1   2C ( L1  L2 )  j ( L1  L2 ) L1  L2
L2
Vt  V f 1   2C(L1  L2 )  0 osc 
1
Vf  a Y Vt R p
( L1  L2 )C L1  L 2
25
12.3 LC Oscillators
d.) example
Where: +EC
•RB1. RB2. RE bias network RB1 C RL
L1
•L1, L2 inductive divider

CE T
•RL load
L2 RE RB2 CB
• CE coupling capacitor
Hartley oscillator
26
12.3 LC Oscillators
a.) circuit
b.) parts duties
Rp resistance loss of the oscillating circuit.

L, C1, C2 feedback network.
27
12.3 LC Oscillators
Colpitts Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator – mesh cut
28
12.3 LC Oscillators
C1
V f  aY Vt Z e
C1  C2
1 1 CC 1
  j 1 2 
Ze Rp C1  C2 jL
jRp L C1
V f  aY Vt
 CC  C1  C2 Colpitts Oscillator – mesh cut
Rp 1   2 1 2 L   jL
 C1  C2 
Tacking into account that the shift frequency of the amplifier is 1800, one can say:
jRp L
aY  aY V f  aY Vt
C1
 CC  C1  C2
Rp 1   2 1 2 L   jL
 C1  C2 
1
Vt  V f 1 
C1C 2
2
L0 osc  Vf  a Y Vt R p
C1
C1  C 2 CC C1  C 2
L 1 2
C1  C2
29
12.3 LC Oscillators
d.) example
C1
L RL
C2
Colpitts oscillator - common base

Previous subsections showed that RC-type cells or LC-type cells were used as resonant circuits.
But it must be said that the quality factor (Q) of such circuits are relatively low, leading to low
stability of the frequency oscillation. One of the methods used to improve the frequency stability of
the oscillating circuit is to use quartz crystal.
Figura 12.16 Figura 12.17 Figura 12.18
Common quartz oscillator configurations

.Observation: According to rules controlling the oscillation frequency and its stability, the literature
reveals four subclasses oscillators also:
•Crystal Oscillator XO; also called timer or clock; The simplest oscillator (); stability ± 10 ppm.
•Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator VCXO; stability ± 10 ppm
•Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator TCXO; stability ± 1÷5 ppm
•Oven Controlled Cystal Oscillator OCXO; stability ± 1 ppm
.
There are also two other types:
•Digitally Compensated Crystal Oscillators DCXO).
•Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator MCXO).

12.4.1 Quartz Crystal
Cp Cs
Equivalent circuit Equivalent impedance
1 1
s  p 
LC s C sC p
L
Cs  Cp
12.4.2 Oscilator Pierce
EC
a.) circuit
R1 LC CC
R2 C1
RE CE
b.) parts duties

R1 , R2 bias divider;
RE thermal stability;
CE decoupling capacitor;
LC, CC oscillating circuit;
X, C1 feedback.
c.) circuit analysis  1  1
Z X   R  jL  
EC  jC s  jC p
R1 LC CC
R2 C1
RE CE
1 1
Z B  R1 R2 r Z LC  jL C
jC1 jC C
Pierce Oscillator Pierce Oscillator – equivalent circuit

Pierce Oscillator – equivalent circuit Pierce Oscillator - mesh cut
 
VB   g mU t Z LC Z x  Z B Z ZB
 
 g m Z LC Z x  Z B  Z ZB
 ZX
1
B  ZX B
Developing of these relationships determine the oscillation frequency and

priming condition

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Chapter 12

Electronic Oscillators = Electronic circuits that produces repetitive signals.

1. They transform DC energy into AC energy

According to frequency range of operation

a  a exp  ja  Amplitude condition

- The frequency of oscillation may be evaluated using phase condition.

Simplification - the basic amplifier is an ideal amplifier, thus:

•Input impedance very high;

a v f v ( josc )  1 fv (jωosc) is real oscR 1C 2 

d2). parts duties;

High pass network Low pass network

b.) parts duties

Simplification - the basic amplifier is an ideal amplifier, thus:

•Input impedance very high;

b.) parts duties

c.) circuit analysis

Barkhausen criterion leads to:

Hartley Oscillator Hartley Oscillator – mesh cut

jR p ( L1  L2 ) L2 Hartley Oscillator – mesh cut

•RB1. RB2. RE bias network RB1 C RL

•L1, L2 inductive divider

b.) parts duties

Rp resistance loss of the oscillating circuit.

Colpitts Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator – mesh cut

Colpitts oscillator - common base

Figura 12.16 Figura 12.17 Figura 12.18

Common quartz oscillator configurations

•Digitally Compensated Crystal Oscillators DCXO).

•Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator MCXO).

Equivalent circuit Equivalent impedance

b.) parts duties

Pierce Oscillator Pierce Oscillator – equivalent circuit

Pierce Oscillator – equivalent circuit Pierce Oscillator - mesh cut

Developing of these relationships determine the oscillation frequency and

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