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Probability Distribution: Meaning Uses Types Assumptions Properties Applications

This document discusses probability distributions, including their meaning, uses, types, assumptions, and properties. It provides examples of discrete and continuous probability distributions, focusing on the binomial distribution. The key points covered are: - Probability distributions model outcomes under certain assumptions and are useful for analysis, decision making, predictions, and quality control. - The binomial distribution describes the probability of success in a fixed number of binary trials. It has assumptions of a fixed probability of success on each trial and independence between trials. - The binomial distribution is used to calculate the probability of a given number of successes, and to determine the number of trials, probability of success, and other values when some parameters are known.

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104 views19 pages

Probability Distribution: Meaning Uses Types Assumptions Properties Applications

This document discusses probability distributions, including their meaning, uses, types, assumptions, and properties. It provides examples of discrete and continuous probability distributions, focusing on the binomial distribution. The key points covered are: - Probability distributions model outcomes under certain assumptions and are useful for analysis, decision making, predictions, and quality control. - The binomial distribution describes the probability of success in a fixed number of binary trials. It has assumptions of a fixed probability of success on each trial and independence between trials. - The binomial distribution is used to calculate the probability of a given number of successes, and to determine the number of trials, probability of success, and other values when some parameters are known.

Uploaded by

chunmun__s
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability distribution

Meaning
Uses
types
Assumptions
Properties
Applications (group
10)
Probability distribution
Distribution which are not obtained by actual
observations or experiments but are mathematically
deduced under certain assumptions.
Uses of Probability distribution
Useful in analyzing the nature of given
distribution under certain assumption
 useful for making logical decisions
Helps in comparison of actual and
expected frequencies
Helps in making predictions, projection
and forecasting.
Useful in making important decision
regarding quality control.
Type of probability distribution

Discrete probability distribution Continuous probability distribution

Binomial distribution Poisson distribution Normal distribution


Binominal distribution
Discovered by a Swiss Mathematician
James Bernoulli.
It is used in a situation where an
experiment results in two possibilities-
success and failure
Definition
It is a discrete probability distribution which
expresses the probability of one set of two
alternatives- success( p) and failure(q)
P(X=x)=ncx .qn-x.px
P= probability of success, q= probability of
failure, n= number of trials
P(X=x) = probability of x success in n trials
Assumptions to apply Binomial
distribution
Finite number of trials-no. of trials are
countable
Mutually exclusive outcomes-two out
comes- success or failure
Probability of success in each trial is
constant- probability of success in different
trials doesn’t change
Trials are independent-outcome of any trial
doesn’t affect the outcomes of subsequent trials.
Properties of Binomial distribution
Theoretical frequency distribution-with the
help of this distribution, we can obtain the
theoretical frequencies by multiplying the
probability of success by total number(N)
Discrete probability distribution-the
number of successes are given in whole
numbers
Line graph-we can graphically present it
Properties (contd……….)
Shape of binomial distribution
If p=q=1/2
When p≠ q ≠1/2
Main parameters-two main parameters n and p
Constants of binomial distribution

Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
Applications of binomial distribution
a. Application of Binomial Formula
b. To find n, p and q from mean and
variance
c. To find mean and variance when n, p
and q are given
d. Fitting of Binomial Distribution formula
Application of Binomial Distribution
Formula
When we are given the probability of
occurrence of an event relating to a
problem, i.e. the value of p and q, then we
can find the probability of happening of
the event exactly x times out of n trials by
using the formula
P(X=x)=ncx .qn-x.px
Take an example…….
A fair coin is tossed thrice. Find the
probability of getting:
i. Exactly 2 heads
ii. At least 2 heads
iii. At the most 2 heads
To find n, p, and q from mean and
variance
When we are given mean(x) and variance
or S.D> of the binomial distribution, then
we can find out n, p, and q. by using
following formulas
Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
Let’s take an example…….
The mean of binomial
distribution is 20 and S.D.
is 4. find n, p, q ????
To find mean and variance when n, p, q
are given
By using the same formulas
Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
We can calculate n, p, and q also.
Take the example……
Find the mean and S.D.
of the number of heads
in 100 tosses of a fair
coin?????
Fitting the binomial distribution
i. Determine the value of p and q from the
given information.
ii. Note the value of N and n (n is no. of trials,
N is total no of trials in all experiments)
iii. Find the probability of all possible number
of successes coming out of a given
experiment
iv. Multiply these probabilities by N and the
result will be required expected frequencies.
Take the example…
Four coins were tosses 160 times and
following results were obtained:

No. of 0 1 2 3 4
heads
Frequenc 17 52 54 31 6
y
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