(Enhanced IGRP

(EIGRP)
By Ayenew Zeleke
Introduction
 EIGRP
• Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
– -Developed in 1985 to overcome
RIPv1’s limited hop count
– -Distance vector routing protocol
– -Metrics used by IGRP
 bandwidth (used by default)
 Delay (used by default)
 reliability
 load
– -Discontinued support starting
with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S
 EIGRP
EIGRP Message Format
• EIGRP Header
 Data link frame header - contains source and destination
MAC address
 IP packet header - contains source & destination IP address
 EIGRP packet header - contains AS number
 Type/Length/Field - data portion of EIGRP message
 EIGRP

• EIGRP packet header

contains
– Opcode field
– Autonomous System
number
• EIGRP Parameters
contains
– Weights
– Hold time
 EIGRP

• TLV: IP internal contains

– Metric field
– Subnet mask field
– Destination field
• TLV: IP external contains
– Fields used when external
– routes are imported into
– EIGRP routing process
 EIGRP
Protocol Dependent
Modules (PDM)
• EIGRP uses PDM to route several
different protocols i.e. IP, IPX &
AppleTalk
• PDMs are responsible for the
specific routing task for each
network layer protocol
 EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol
(RTP)
• Purpose of RTP
– Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP
packets
• Characteristics of RTP
– Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of
EIGRP packet
 Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment
from destination
 Unreliable delivery does not require an
acknowledgement from destination
– Packets can be sent
 Unicast
 Multicast
– Using address 224.0.0.10
 EIGRP
EIGRP’s 5 Packet Types
• Hello packets
– Used to discover & form adjacencies with
neighbors
 EIGRP
• Update packets
– Used to propagate
routing information
• Acknowledgement
packets
– Used to acknowledge
receipt of update,
query & reply packets
 EIGRP
• Query & Reply
packets
 Used by DUAL for
searching for networks
 Query packets
• -Can use
 Unicast
 Multicast
 Reply packet
• -Use only
 unicast
• Purpose of Hello Protocol
EIGRP
– To discover & establish adjacencies with
neighbor routers
• Characteristics of hello protocol
– Time interval for sending hello packet
 Most networks it is every 5 seconds
-Holdtime
 Multipoint non broadcast multi-access networks
– This is every
Unicast the maximum time
60 seconds
router should wait before
declaring a neighbor down
Default holdtime
–3 times hello interval
 EIGRP
EIGRP Bounded Updates
• EIGRP only sends update when there is a
change in route status
• Partial update
– A partial update includes only the route information
that has changed – the whole routing table is NOT
sent
• Bounded update
– When a route changes, only those devices that are
impacted will be notified of the change
• EIGRP’s use of partial bounded updates
minimizes use of bandwidth
 EIGRP
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
– Purpose
• EIGRP’s primary method for preventing routing loops
– Advantage of using DUAL
• Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of
loop-free backup routes
 EIGRP

• Administrative Distance (AD)

– Defined as the trustworthiness of the source
route
• EIGRP default administrative distances
– Summary routes = 5
– Internal routes = 90
– Imported routes = 170
 EIGRP
Authentication
• EIGRP can
– Encrypt routing information
– Authenticate routing information
 EIGRP
Network Topology
• Topology used is the same as previous
chapters with the addition of an ISP router
 EIGRP

• EIGRP will
automatically
summarize routes at
classful boundaries
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
• Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
– This is a collection of networks under the control of
a single authority (reference RFC 1930)
– AS Numbers are assigned by IANA
– Entities needing AS numbers
 ISP
 Internet Backbone prodiers
 Institutions connecting to other institutions using AS
numbers
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
• EIGRP autonomous
system number actually
functions as a process
ID
• Process ID represents
an instance of the
routing protocol
running on a router
• Example
Router(config)#router
eigrp autonomous-system
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
The router eigrp command
• The global command that enables eigrp is
– router eigrp autonomous-system
– -All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the
same process ID number (autonomous-system
number)
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
The Network Command
• Functions of the network
command
– Enables interfaces to transmit &
receive EIGRP updates
– Includes network or subnet in EIGRP
updates
• Example
– Router(config-router)#network
network-address
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
• The network Command with a Wildcard Mask
– -This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to
advertise specific subnets
– -Example
– Router(config-router)#network network-address
[wildcard-mask]
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
Verifying EIGRP
• EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies
with their neighbors before any updates can
be sent or received
• Command used to view neighbor table and
verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies
with neighbors is
– show ip eigrp neighbors
 EIGRP

• The show ip protocols

command is also used
to verify that EIGRP is
enabled
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
Examining the
Routing Table
• The show ip route command
is also used to verify EIGRP
• EIGRP routes are denoted in a
routing table by the letter “D”
• By default , EIGRP
automatically summarizes
routes at major network
boundary
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
• Introducing the Null0 Summary Route
– Null0 is not a physical interface
– In the routing table summary routes are sourced
from Null0
 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes
– EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary
route as child route when 2 conditions are met
 At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP
 Automatic summarization is enabled
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
• R3’s routing table
shows that the
172.16.0.0/16
network is
automatically
summarized by R1
& R3
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values
• EIGRP uses the following values in its
composite metric
– -Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load
• The composite metric used by EIGRP
– formula used has values K1 K5
– K1 & K3 =1
– all other K values =0
–
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
• Use the sh ip protocols command to verify the
K values
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Metrics
• Use the show
interfaces command
to view metrics
• EIGRP Metrics
– Bandwidth – EIGRP
uses a static
bandwidth to
calculate metric
– Most serial interfaces
use a default
bandwidth value of
1.544Mbos (T1)
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Metrics
• Delay is the defined as the measure of time
it takes for a packet to traverse a route
– -it is a static value based on link type to which interface
is connected
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
• Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)
– -A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail
– -Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of
255
– the higher the fraction the better the reliability
• Load (not a default EIGRP metric)
– A number that reflects how much traffic is using a
link
– Number is determined dynamically and is
expressed as a fraction of 255
 The lower the fraction the less the load on the link
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
Using the Bandwidth Command
• Modifying the interface bandwidth
– -Use the bandwidth command
– -Example
– Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits
• Verifying bandwidth
– Use the show interface command
• Note – bandwidth command
does not change the
link’s physical
bandwidth
 EIGRP Metric Calculation
• The EIGRP metric can be determined by
examining the
bandwidth delay
 EIGRP Metric Calculation

• EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW)in its

metric calculation
Calculated BW = reference BW / lowest
BW(kbps)
• Delay – EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all
outgoing interfaces
– Calculated Delay = the sum of outgoing interface delays
• EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay
EIGRP Metric Calculation
 DUAL Concepts
• The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is
used to prevent looping
 DUAL Concepts
• Successor
– The best least cost
route to a destination
found in the routing
table
• Feasible distance
– The lowest calculated
metric along a path
to a destination
network
 DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition &
Reported Distance
 Feasible
Successor
-This is a loop
free backup
route to same
destination as
successor route
 DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported
Distance
• Reported
distance (RD)
– -The metric that a
router reports to a
neighbor about its
own cost to that
network
 DUAL Concepts

• Feasibility
Condition
(FC)
– -Met when a
neighbor’s RD
is less than
the local
router’s FD to
the same
destination
network
 DUAL Concepts
• Topology Table:
Successor & Feasible
Successor
• EIGRP Topology table
– Viewed using the show
ip eigrp topology
command
 Contents of table
include:
– all successor routes
– all feasible successor
routes
–
 DUAL Concepts
• EIGRP
Topology
Table
dissected
 DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: No
Feasible
Successor
• A feasible successor may
not be present because
the feasibility condition
may not be met
– -In other words, the
reported distance of
the neighbor is greater
than or equal to the
current feasible
distance
 DUAL Concepts
• Finite Sate Machine (FSM)
– An abstract machine that defines a set of possible states
something can go through, what event causes those
states and what events result form those states
– FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer
program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of input
events
 DUAL Concepts
• DUAL FSM
– Selects a best loop-
free path to a
destination
– Selects alternate
routes by using
information in EIGRP
tables
 DUAL Concepts
Finite State Machines (FSM)
• To examine output from EIGRP’s finite state
machine us the debug eigrp fsm command
 More EIGRP Configurations

The Null0 Summary Route

• By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to
discard any packets that match the parent route
but do not match any of the child routes
• EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary
route as a child route whenever both of the
following conditions exist
– One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP
– Automatic summarization is enabled
 More EIGRP Configurations

Disabling Automatic Summarization

• The auto-summary command permits EIGRP
to automatically summarize at major
network boundaries
• The no auto-summary command is used to
disable automatic summarization
– This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will
not be automatically summarized
 this will cause changes to appear in both
» -routing tables
» -topology tables
 More EIGRP Configurations
Manual Summarization
• Manual summarization can include supernets
– Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol &
include subnet mask in update
• Command used to configure manual
summarization
– Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp as-
number network-address subnet-mask
 More EIGRP Configurations
• Configuring a summary route in EIGRP
 More EIGRP Configurations

EIGRP Default Routes

• “quad zero” static default route
– -Can be used with any currently supported routing
protocol
– -Is usually configured on a router that is connected a
network outside the EIGRP domain
• EIGRP & the “Quad zero” static default route
– Requires the use of the redistribute static command to
disseminate default route in EIGRP updates
 More EIGRP Configurations

Fine-Tuning EIGRP
• EIGRP bandwidth utilization
– -By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of
interface bandwidth for EIGRP information
– -The command to change the percentage of
bandwidth used by EIGRP is
– Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent
eigrp as- number percent
 More EIGRP Configurations
• Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
– -Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a
per-interface basis
– -The command to configure hello interval is
– Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-
number seconds
• Changing the hello interval also requires changing
the hold time to a value greater than or equal to
the hello interval
– -The command to configure hold time value is
– Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number
seconds