POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

A
SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON
FPGA AND FUNCTIONS REALISATION
USING FPGA

Session: - 2018-2019
Guided By:- Submitted by:-
Dr. Garima mathur Suresh bhati
(PCE15EC108)
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CONTENTS
• Introduction
a) Logic devices
b) PLDS
c) FPGA
• FPGA architecture
• LUT
• Advantages of FPGA
• FPGA venders
• Example
• References
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INTRODUCTION: LOGIC DEVICES

• A logic device is one which can perform any logic function
• Logic devices are broadly classified in to two Categories .
• Fixed logic device
• Programmable logic device.

Fixed logic device PLD

1. The circuit in a fixed logic device are 1. The programmable logic devices are
permanent. standard and offers a wide range of logic
2.They perform one or a set of function features and voltage characteristics
Once manufactured they cannot be 2. These devices can be changed any time
changed. to perform various logic function
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INTRODUCTION : PLD
• A PLD is a general purpose chip for implementing logic
circuitry.
• It contains a collection of logic circuit elements that can be
customized in different ways.
• These devices allow the end user to specify the logical
operation of the device through a process called
“programming”
• There are two important types of PLD’S
a) PAL(programmable array logic )
b) PLA(programmable logic array)
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BASIS FOR COMPARISON PLA PAL

Stands for Programmable Logic Array Programmable Array Logic

Construction Programmable array of AND Programmable array of AND

and OR gates. gates and fixed array of OR
gates.

Availability Less prolific More readily available

Flexibility Provides more programming Offers less flexibility, but more

flexibility. likely used.

Cost Expensive Intermediate cost

Number of functions Large number of functions can Provides the limited number of
be implemented. functions.

Speed Slow High

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INTRODUCTION :FPGA
field programmable logic devices
• “A Field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a programmable
logic device that supports implementation of relatively large
logic circuits.”
• ARCHITECTURE OF FPGA:
• The basic elements of an Field Programmable Gate Array
are:
1. Configurable logic blocks(CLBs)
2. Configurable input output blocks(IOB’S)
3. Programmable interconnects
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• General FPGA chip architecture

CLBS
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FPGA ARCHITECTURE
• FPGA contains a layout of a unit INTERCONNECTION
SWITCHES LLOGIC
which is repeated in matrix form. BLOCKS
• In FPGA all elements are
programmable
1. CLB’S:
The configurable logic block
which is RAM based or
PLD based is the basic logic
cell. It consists of registers
(memory), mux and
Combinational functional unit.
I/O BLOCKS
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FPGA ARCHITECTURE CONT..

• Configurable Input / Output logic locks (IOBs):
CLBs and routing channels are surrounded by a set of
programmable I/Os which is an arrangement of transistors for
configurable I/O drivers.
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FPGA ARCHITECTURE CONT…

An array of CLBS are embedded within a set of vertical and
horizontal channels that contain routing which can be
personalized to interconnect CLBs.
• CLB’S are the basic logic element of FPGA
Select

Out

A
B
C LUT
LUT D Q

Clock
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Look-Up Tables (LUT)

• Look-up table with N-inputs can be used to implement any
combinatorial function of N inputs
• LUT is programmed with the
A
truth-table B
C LUT
LUT Z
D
A B C D Y
0 0 0 0 0 LUT implementation
0 0 0 1 0
A
0 0 1 0 0
B
Z
C
D

Truth-table Gate implementation

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LUT Implementation
X1
• Example: 3-input LUT
X2
• Based on multiplexers 0/
(pass transistors) 1
0/
• LUT entries stored in 1
0/
1
0/
configuration memory cells
1 F
0/
1
0/
1
0/
1
0/
configuration memory cells 1
X3
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ADVANTEGES OF FPGA
– Low-cost
– Fast-turnaround prototype implementation
– Supported by CAD/EDA tools
– High density
– High speed
– Programmable and versatile
– Flexible
– Reusable
– Large amounts of logic gates, registers, RAM and routing
resources
– Quick time-to-market
– SRAM FPGA provide the benefits of custom CMOS
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COMPARISON WITH CPLD

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FPGA VENDERS:
• Though there are various FPGA vendors in the world market
only two or three manufacturers are well known in the
industry . For example :
1. Xilinx : Founded by Ross Freeman, original
inventor of FPGAs in 1984.
• Sparten II , IIE, Sparten III , Virtex …
2. Altera: Altera cyclone II FPGA and
associated design, software Quartus
3. Actel
 they are different in various fields like (1) physical means for
implementing programmability (2)interconnection arrangements
(3) Basic functionality of the logic blocks
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PROGRAMMABLITY IN FPGA
• There are three methods for programming an FPGA
1. SRAM based programming (Xilinx , Altera)
2. Antifuse technology (Actel , Quicklogic)
3. EPROM/EEPROM
• Mainly SRAM based prog. is used. In it the connections can be
made by using Control Pass Gate
SRAM SRAM
a) Pass transistors Cell Cell
b) Transmission gate
0 1
c) Multiplexers
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FPGA WITH DIFFERENT PACKGES

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FPGA DESIGN TOOLS

• There are two important design tools available in the market
• Verilog
• VHDL (Very high speed integratedcircuit hardware
descriptive language) implemented in XILINX
software
• VHDL provide five different types of primary constructs called
design units. They are:
• Entity declaration
• Architecture body
• Configuration declaration
• Package declaration
• Package body
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An example of programming an FPGA

x3 f

f1  x1x2
x1 f2  x2 x3
x1 0 x2 0
0
f1
1
f2 f  x1 x2  x2 x3
0 0
1 0
x2 x2 x3

f1 0
1 x1
f3
1 0/1
0/1 f
1 LUT 0/1
f2 0/1
x2
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REFERENCES
• Textbook: John Wakerly Chapter 9: 9.6

• Field Programmable Gate Arrays – S.D Brown, R.J.Francis

etal

• Field Programmable Gate array Technology- Trimberger

• FPGA and CPLD Architectures : A Tutorial - STEPHEN

BROWN & JONATHAN ROSE.

• FPGA Architecture: Survey and Challenges -- Ian Kuon1,

Russell Tessier and Jonathan Rose1

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THANK YOU