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The Skeletal System
PowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical Assisting
Third Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
25-2
Learning Outcomes
25.1 Describe the parts of a long bone.
25.2 List the substances that make up bone tissue.
25.3 List the functions of bones.
25.4 Identify bones by their classifications.
25.5 Describe how long bones grow.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
25.6 List and describe the skeletal structures and
one location of each structure.
25.7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib
cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and
feet. Describe the location of each bone.
25.8 Define fontanels and explain their importance.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
25.9 Describe the three major types of joints and
give examples of each.
25.10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
25.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatments of various diseases and disorders of
the skeletal system.
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Introduction
Divisions
Bones provide the Axial – 80 bones
body with structure Skull
and support Vertebral column
Mandible
Rib cage
206 bones with joints Sacrum
and connective tissue Appendicular – 126
bones
Arms and legs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
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The Skeletal System
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Functions of Bones
Give shape to body parts
Support and protect soft structures
Examples – brain, lungs, heart
Allow body movement, because skeletal
muscles attach to them
Allow for voluntary movement
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Functions of Bones (cont.)
Red bone marrow of
bone produces new
blood cells –
hematopoiesis
Store calcium
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Bone Structure
Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including
Osseous tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Osseous tissue can
appear compact or
spongy
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Bone Structure (cont.)
Compact bone looks
solid
Structures can be
observed with a
microscope
All bones are made
up of both compact
and spongy bone
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Bone Structure (cont.)
Classification by SHAPE
Long bones – located primarily in the arms and
legs
Femur (thigh bone)
Humerus (upper arm bone)
Short bones – small bones
located in the wrists
and ankles
Carpals (wrist bones)
Tarsals (ankle bones)
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Bone Structure (cont.)
Flat bones – located in the
skull and rib cage
Ribs
Frontal bone
Irregular bones
Vertebrae
Bones of the pelvic girdle
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Bone Structure: Gender Differences
Male Skull Male pelvic bones
Larger and heavier Heavier and thicker
Forehead shorter Obturator foramina and
acetabula are larger
Face less round and closer together
Jaw larger
Mastoid processes
more prominent
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Bone Structure: Gender Differences
(cont.)
Male pelvic cavity Male coccyx
Narrower and longer Less movable
Less roomy and more
funnel shaped
Male sacrum
Narrower
Sacral promontory projects forward
Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match bone to classification. ANSWER:
___
L Humerus L. Long bones
___
F Rib S. Short bones
___
L Femur F. Flat bones
___
I Pelvic bones I. Irregular bones
___
S Carpals
Very
___
F Frontal bone Good!
___
I Vertebra
___
S Tarsals
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Apply Your Knowledge
Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body
must have a large supply readily available.
Correct!
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Bone Growth
Ossification – process of bone
growth
Intramembranous ossification
Bones begin as tough, fibrous
membrane
Bone-forming cells called
osteoblasts turn the membrane to
bone
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Bone Growth (cont.)
Endochondral ossification
Bones begin as cartilage
models
Primary ossification center
Bone formed in the diaphysis
Secondary ossification center
Epiphyses turn to bone
Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the
diaphysis will continue to grow
Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form
Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts
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Bone Growth: Building Better Bones
Teach healthy behaviors
Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D
Bone-health exercises
Weight-bearing
Strength training
Bone-healthy lifestyle
Avoid smoking
Avoid alcohol
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Bone Growth (cont.)
Bone tests
Bone density
Bone scans
Diagnose causes of
Bone pain
Arthritis
Bone infections
Bone cancers
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Apply Your Knowledge
What are the two types of bone growth?
ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones
begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by
osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which
primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the of the
bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
Good Job!
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Bony Structures
Rigid foundation
Projections and processes for muscle and
ligament attachment
Depressions and hollows for articulations – the
connection of bones at joints
Openings for blood vessels and nerves
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with
another bone
Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a
passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or
ligaments
Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Head An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process A prominent projection on a bone
Suture An interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter A relatively large process
Tubercle A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a
tubercle
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The Skull
Two bone types:
Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the
skull
Facial – form the face
“Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are
actually fontanels
Tough membranes that connect the
incompletely developed bones
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the following:
E Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression
___
C Fontanels
___ B. An interlocking line of union between bones
A Fossa
___ C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull
F Process
___ D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
B Suture
___ E. A projection situated above a condyle
D Tuberosity
___ F. A prominent projection on a bone
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The Skull: Cranial Bones
Frontal – anterior Sphenoid and
ethmoid bones – floor
Parietal – top and most
of the sides Ear ossicles are the
smallest bones of the
Occipital – back body
Stapes
Temporal – form the Incus
lower sides of the skull Malleus
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The Skull (cont.)
Palatine – form the
Mandible – forms the lower
anterior portion of the
jaw bone
palate
Maxillae – form the upper
jawbone Vomer – a thin bone that
divides the nasal cavity
Zygomatic – form the
prominence of the cheeks
Nasal bones – fuse together
to form the bridge of the
nose
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the bones of the skull:
E Occipital
___ A. Form the upper jawbone
C Sphenoid
___ B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
F Mandible
___ C. Part of floor of skull
A Maxillae
___ D. Form the prominence of the cheeks
D Zygomatic
___ E. Back of skull
Very
B Vomer
___ F. Lower jaw bone
Good!
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The Spinal
Column
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
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The Spinal Column (cont.)
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae
Smallest and lightest Join the 12 pairs of ribs
Located in the neck
region
First one is atlas Lumbar vertebrae
Second one is axis Have very sturdy
structures
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The Spinal Column (cont.)
Sacrum
A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused
vertebrae
Coccyx
A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused
vertebrae
Considered unnecessary
More commonly called the tailbone
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Identify the Cervical – 7
sections of the
spinal column
and give the Thoracic – 12
number of
vertebrae for
each.
Sacrum –
Lumbar – 5
5 fused
Right! Coccyx –
3 to 5 fused
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The Rib Cage
Sternum
Breastplate
Forms the front middle
portion of the rib cage
Joins with the clavicles
and most ribs
Manubrium
Xyphoid process
Body
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The Rib Cage (cont.)
12 pairs of ribs False
All are attached Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10
posteriorly to thoracic Attach to the costal
vertebrae cartilage of rib pair 7
True Floating
First seven pairs (1-7) Rib pairs 11 and 12
of ribs Do not attach anteriorly
Attach to sternum by to any structure
costal cartilage
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
True or False:
T The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
___
F The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.
___
cartilaginous
F The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.
___
seven
T False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
___
F Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.
___
do not attach anteriorly to any structure.
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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms,
and Hands
Shoulders – pectoral girdles
Clavicles
Scapulae
Upper limb or arm bones
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and
Hands (cont.)
Hand
8 carpals per hand
5 metacarpals per hand
14 phalanges per hand
3 in each finger
2 in each thumb
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following: ANSWER:
A Clavicle
___ A. Pectoral girdle
B Radius
___ B. Arm bones
B Humerus
___ C. Hands
C Carpals
___
A Scapula
___
B Ulna
___
C Phalanges
___
C Metacarpals
___
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Bones of the Hips, Legs,
and Feet
Hipbones
Coxal bones form the
pelvic girdle
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
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Bones of the Hips, Legs,
and Feet (cont.)
Bones of leg
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
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Bones of the Hips, Legs,
and Feet (cont.)
Bones of the foot
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the following:
A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones
B Tibia
___ B Patella
___
A Ilium
___ A Ischium
___
B Femur
___ C Metatarsals
___
A Pubis
Super!
___ B Fibula
___
___
C Calcaneus ___
C Tarsals
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Joints
Junctions between bones
Classification based on
structure
Fibrous joints
Connected together with
short fibers
Between cranial bones and
facial bones
Sutures – fibrous joints in
the skull
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Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Connected together
with a disc of
cartilage
Between vertebrae
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Joints
Synovial joints
Covered with hyaline cartilage
Has synovial membrane that
secretes synovial fluid so bones
move easily against each other
Freely movable
Bones are also held together
through tough, cord-like
structures called ligaments
•Shoulder, Hip, Elbow,Knee,
carpal
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the following:
A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints
A Between cranial bones and facial bones
____
C Covered with hyaline cartilage
____
B Between vertebrae
____
C Freely movable
____
A Sutures in the skull
____
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Common Diseases and Disorders
Arthritis – general term meaning joint
inflammation
Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,
primarily of weight-bearing joints
(knee, hip joints)
Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic
inflammatory disease of smaller joints and
surrounding tissues
(All joints + systemic involvement)
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Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont.)
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac
that cushions tendons)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the
median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed
Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of
tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily
bone
Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid
crystals in the joints
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Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont.)
Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine
(humpback)
Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the
lumbar spine (swayback)
Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin
(become porous) over time
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Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont.)
Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates
from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue
Paget’s disease – causes bones to
enlarge and become deformed
and weak
Scoliosis – an abnormal
S-shaped curvature of the spine
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Apply Your Knowledge
The doctor has told your patient that he has an
osteosarcoma. What do you know about this
disorder?
Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that
originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make
bony tissue.
Nice Work!
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In Summary
Skeletal system
Two divisions
Bone growth through ossification
Functions
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Attachment for muscles for movement
Stores minerals
Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis
Joined by three types of joints
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End of Chapter
Rigid, the skeleton of
habit alone upholds
the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
