GENERAL

EDUCATION
SOCIAL SCIENCES
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
 CONTENT:
• libertarian struggle of the Filipino against
colonial rule; Spaniards, Americans and
Japanese.

• Filipinos gained independence, the

influence on our culture of the different
colonial rulers is very strong that the
present Filipinos is still searching for his
real identity.
 A. Pre-colonial Philippines
• Barangay (40-100 families)
• Datu- socio-polotical cheiftain.
• Social classes existed: nobles (timawa),
freeman (maharlika) and slaves (Aliping
namamahay and aliping sagui-guilid)
• contacts with Chinese, Indians and
Malays (Muslim).
B. Hispanization of the Philippines
• Magellan led an expedition for Spain-
Archipelago of St. Lazaruz (Later renamed
Philippines after King Philip II of Spain).
• Homonhon, first anchored
• Leyte- first mass on March 31, 1521
celebrated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
• Magellan was killed on April 28 in a battle
with Mactan chieftain Lapu-Lapu,
 Other Spanish Expeditions:
• Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father Juan Garcia
Jofre De Loaysa
• Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian Cabot
• Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by Alvaro de
Sayavedra
• Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos
• - Reached Mindanaw in Februay 1543 but the natives
refused to have any dealing with them. He named the
islands of Samar and Leyte Felipinas in honor of Prince
Phillip of Spain who later bacame King Phillip II.
• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi-
permanent settlement in the Philippine
Island.
• Blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of
Bohol.
• treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of
Cebu where the first Spanish settlement
(San Miguel) was established.
• Legazpi established Manila as the
capital of the Philippines
 1. Political Changes
• Government was centralized.
• (250 yrs) Philippines was administered
through the Council of Indies which
transmitted to the Governor General of the
Philippines the royal decree that served as
guide in the administration of the colony.
• Provincial governments- encomiendas
– Encomienderos- collect taxes, protect, convert to
Catholicism
– Abolished due to abuses.
 System of provincial governments:
• Provinces are called Alcaldia - Alcalde Mayor
(pacified)
- Corregimentos - Corregidors (unpacified)
• Cities are called Ayuntamiento - two alcalde
• Towns are called Pueblos - Gobernadorcillo
• Barangays were retained - cabeza de
barangay.
 2. Economic Policies
• Tobacco Monopoly (100 yrs.) that
favored/benefited the Spaniards- Nueva Ecija,
Cagayan Valley, Marinduque.
• Taxation – 0 reales (1 peso), cedula- 18 and
above
• Forced Labor – male from 16 – 66 years (40
days)
• Encomienda – source of corruption of officials
• Galeon Trade or Manila – Acapulco Trade -
Doctrine of Mercantilism (monopoly of goods
from colonies)
 3. Religious Influence

• Christianity instead of anito.

• Friars: Franciscan, Jesuits,
Dominacan and Recollects
• University of Sto. Tomas was
the first university founded in
1611.
 Powers of the Governor-General:
• The King‘s official representative to the colony
• - Issues superior decrees
• - President of the Audiencia which is the highest
court on the colony
• - Vice royal patron in the Philippines which means
that he can appoint minor officials and parish
priests
• - Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
• - CUMPLASE – The right of the governor to suspend
the operation of a Royal Decree coming from the
King if in his opinion said order would not be
beneficial to the colony. The usual formula in
exercising the right to cumplase was: ―I obey but
do not comply.‖
 Growth of Filipino Nationalism
• Lakandula (1574), Sulayman, Magalat
(1596)- National consciousness.
• Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris, Dagohoy, Diego
Silang – Revolts
• factors: opening the Philippines to World
Trade; rise of the middle class; racial
prejudice; Cavite mutiny and the execution of
Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA)
* Nationalism- devotion to or advocacy of
national unity and independence
• Propaganda Movement: Lopez Jaena, M.H.
Del Pilar, and Rizal
• Assimilation or making the Philippines a
province of Spain and allowing the Filipinos to
have a representative in the Spanish law-
making body, the Cortes.
• KKK in July 7, 1892 platform: to secure
independence and freedom of the Philippines
by force.
* Kataastaasans Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
• Teodoro Patinio exposed the society to Fr.
Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896.

• Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, the

Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting
―Long Lived the Philippines thus making the
so-called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”.
Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK
Leaders :
• Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan
• Marcelo Del Pilar : Plaridel at Dolares Manapat
• Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura
• Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog
• Jose Maria Panganiban : Jomapa
• Emilio Jacinto : Dimasilaw, pingkian
• Andres Bonfacio : Agapito bagumbayan, Maypagasa
• Pio valenzuela : Madlang-away
• Apolinario mabini : Bini,
• Juan luna : Buan
• Emilio Aguinaldo : Magdalo
 Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events :
• July 7, 1892 – KKK (Kataastaasan Kagalang-
galangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan)
• August 19, 1896 – exposition of KKK
• August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugad Lawin-starts
the revolution
• August 30, 1896 - provinces of Manila, Cavite,
Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac,
and Nueva Ecija in a state of war – Martial
Law.-(Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco)
• December 30, 1896 – Jose Rizal was executed
• March 22, 1897 - The Tejeros Convention.
- Magdalo - Baldomero Aguinaldo and
Magdiwang- Mariano Alvarez agreed

• Emilio Aguinaldo : President

• Mariano Trias: Vice President
• Artemio Ricarte: Captain-General
• Emiliano Riego de Dios: Director of War
• Andres Bonifacio: Director of the Interior
• May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio were executed – treason and sedition.

• November 1, 1897 – The Biak-na-Bato

Constitution – Cuban Constitution
Prepared by: Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
• Emilio Aguinaldo- As President

• December 15, 1897 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

- ceasefire, call to surrended
- Exile (EA) to Hong Kong to escape death.
 Spanish – American War:
• April 25, 1898- the United States declared war on
Spain.
• May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval
squadron into Manila Bay
• May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines
• June 12, 1898 –Aguinaldo proclaimed the
independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite (4-5
pm).
-Flag (Hongkong) - Marcela Agoncillo
- Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National
March) - Julian Felipe
- Act of the Declaration of Independence - Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista
• December 10, 1898 - The Spanish-American War
ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
- It established the independence of Cuba, ceded
Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
- purchase the Philippines Islands from Spain for
$20 million

• December 11, 1898 - US President McKinley

proclaimed the policy ―Benevolent Assimilation-
Filipino should be trained for self-government.
 American Military-Governors in the
Philippines
• Wesle Merritt ( August 14, 1898 – August 28,
1898)
• Elwell S. Otis ( August 28, 1898 – May 5,
1900)
• Arthur MacArthur, Jr. ( May 5, 1900 – July 4,
1901
 The First Philippine Republic :
• September 15, 1898 – The Malolos Congress
convened in Barasoain Church and Pedro
Paterno was elected as its president.
• January 22, 1899 – The Malolos Constitution
drafted by a committee headed by Felipe
Calderon - First Philippine Republic
• January 23, 1899 – Inauguration of the First
Philippine Republic popularly known as the
Malolos Republic amidst colorful ceremonies at
the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan with
Aguinaldo as its president.
 The Philippine-American War, 1899-
1902
• On February 4, 1899, an American
soldier, Private William Grayson, shot a
Filipino soldier at the bridge of San Juan,
Manila.
• Death: over 4,200 American; over 20,000
Filipino combatants
• 200,000 Filipino civilians died from
violence, famine, and disease.
 The Capture of Aguinaldo
• On March 23, 1901 – captured of Aguinaldo in
Palanan, Isabela – Macabebe scouts.
- General Frederick Funston – pretended to be
captives.
• On April 1, 1901, Aguinaldo swore an
acceptance of American authority over the
Philippines.
- April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal
Surrender to the United States
 Continuous Resistance Against the
Americans
• General Miguel Malvar – Batangas
Region
• Vicente Lukbán – Samar

• On July 4, 1902- President Theodore

Roosevelt officially declared an end to
the Philippine-American war
 Macario Sakay and the Republika ng
Katagalugan
• On May 6, 1903- Macario Sakay issues out his
first manifesto establishing the Republika ng
Katagalugan Government on Mount San
Cristobal in Laguna province. The codes of this
government would follow closely the laws and
regulations set forth by Bonifacio and Jacinto‘s
Kartilya ng Katipunan. He was captured and
sentenced to death on September 13, 1907.
 American Policy in the Philippines :
• bicameral legislature on January 20, 1899,
President McKinley appointed the First Philippine
Commission (the Schurman Commission).
– five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman
– the commissioners acknowledged Filipino
aspirations for independence – not yet ready
– Recommendations: establishment of civilian
government; bicameral legislature, autonomous
governments on the provincial and municipal
levels, and a system of free public elementary
schools.
 The Second Philippine Commission
(the Taft Commission)
• appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900,
and headed by William Howard Taft
• granted legislative as well as limited executive
powers
• Between September 1900 and August 1902, it
issued 499 laws.
• judicial system was established, including a
Supreme Court, and a legal code was drawn up
to replace antiquated Spanish ordinances
• A civil service was organized
 • The Philippine Constabulary (July 1901)
– an archipelago-wide police force
– Civil government (1901), William Howard Taft,
first American Governor-General of the
Philippines.
– English was declared the official language
– American teachers (600)- USS Thomas.
• Cooper Act of 1902 - The bill proposed the
creation and administration of a civil
government in the Philippines
– President Theodore Roosevelt signed it into law in
July 2, 1902.
• In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)
- The law which served as the new organic act (or
constitution) for the Philippines
- established a bicameral Philippine Legislature
• The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, passed by Congress in
1932
- provided for complete independence of the islands
in 1945 after 10 years of self-government under
U.S. supervision.
• The Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act (1934)
closely looks like the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
- struck the provisions for American bases.
• On May 14, 1935- Commonwealth of the
Philippines
- Manuel L. Quezon – First President
- featured a very strong executive, a unicameral
National Assembly, and a Supreme Court
composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time
since 1901.
- In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was
revised to restore a bicameral Congress, and
permit the reelection of President Quezon
(reelected 1941)
 Japanese Occupation :
• Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the
US naval base in Hawaii. On the same day,
they attacked Baguio, Pampanga, Manila and
other parts of the Philippines.
• Dec. 8, 1941, the US Congress declared war
against Japan. - World War II in the Pacific
- General MacArthur declared Manila as an
Open City to avoid further destruction.
• Fall of Bataan (April 9, 1942) , Corregidor (May 6)
- Japan successfully occupied the Philippines
- 65-mile Death March (75,000 Filipino and
American prisoners of war)- Bataan to Tarlac
- 1,000 American and 9,000 Filipinos died
• October 14, 1943, the Japanese sponsored
Philippine Republic was proclaimed with Jose P.
Laurel as President
• Japan finally surrendered after the Hiroshima
(August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
were destroyed by atomic bombs.
• Commonwealth government was reestablished
with Sergio Osmeña as president because
Quezon died in New York in 1944.
• In April 23,1946- Manuel A. Roxas won the
presidency.
-he continued in office as first president of the
Philippine Third Republic after the proclamation
of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.
• Bell Trade Act of 1946 – Provides for free trade
between the Philippines and the United States
from January 1, 1946 to July 3, 1954
 Post-war Administration :
1. President Manuel Roxas- reconstruction and
rehabilitation.
2. President Elpidio Quirino- Established (LASEDECO
Law Settlement and development Corp.) for
landless farmers and Huk surrenders.
3. President Ramon Magsaysay - Man of the Masses.
He promised to give common tao justice.
Established the NARRA (National Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Administration)
4. President Carlos Garcia ―Filipino First policy and
Austerity Program
5. President Diosdado Macapagal - The most agrarian
reform law, agricultural land, reformed code
6. President Ferdinand Marcos - Promised to make
this country Great Again (20 yrs.)
- work for the changing of 1934 constitution and
result was the constitution of 1973 providing for a
parliamentary government
- declared Martial Law in 1972 because of the
deteriorating peace and order in our country.
- abolished congress upon the declaration of
martial Law.
- the latter part of his regime was popularly known
as dictatorship.
7. President Corazon C. Aquino
- First woman President of the Philippines
- restored democracy by:
o holding elections for congress and local
government
o framed and ratified constitution of 1987 o
restored freedom of the press and speech
o released political prisoner
- Worked for economic recovery
8. President Fidel V. Ramos- Philippines 2000 which
meant to make the Philippines an economically
developed country.
9. President Joseph Estrada -pro-poor but was
overthrown in an EDSA II People Power
Revolution in 2001 due to plunder.
10 . President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - Took over
Government after EDSA II and was reelected in
the 2004 Presidential election.
11. Benigno Simeon Aquino- economic
development
12. Rodrigo Roa Duterte- fight against crime and
corruption.
WORLD
HISTORY
• History- study of past events based on evidences;
story of man through the ages.

• Periodization In History
1. Pre-historic – no written records of man‘s
progress.
a. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age
b. Neolithic or New Stone Age
c. Metal Age
2. Historic Period – men‘s progress were recorded
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
• Ancient World :

Cradles of Civilization: Asia and Africa

1. First Civilization were in the river alleys

a. Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates
River (fertile crescent region)
b. Egyptian – Nile river in Africa
c. India – valley of Indus river
d. Chinese – Yellow river
2. Early Religions
a. Hinduism – India

b. Zoroastrianism – Persia (Iran)

c. Christianity – Israel (formerly

Palestine)

d. Islamism – Saudi Arabia

3. Important Contributions
a. Mesopotamia
1. art of irrigation
2. invention of wheels
3. cuneiform (form of writing)
4. Code of Hammurabi
5. Hanging Garden of Babylon
6. Monotheism
7. Mosaic Law
8. Phonetic Alphabet
b. Egyptian
1. Great Pyramid
2. Hieroglyphics
3. Calendar of 365 days
c. India
1. Dravidians were the first inhabitants;
invaded by Aryans
2. Caste System – a rigid social structure
3. religion – Hinduism main feature
reincarnation
d. China
1. Invented gun powder
2. printing press
3. produced textile called silk
4. civil service examination
5. Great Walls of China
6. Great philosophers – Confucius, Lao Tzu
and Mencius
 4. Western World
Greece
a. Isolated city government (―polis‖)
b. Reform started by Solon
c. Cleisthenes and Pericles gave all classes of
Athens citizens chance to participate in
government
d. Athens began the democratic system
e. Sparta had the militaristic system
f. Great Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
g. Hellenic culture
Rome
h. Romulus as founder in 753 B.C.
i. Under Etruscans they were ruled by a king
j. Republic was established
k. Society: patrician (upper class) Plebeians
(lower class)
l. War between Roman and Carthagenians (Punic
war); Rome acquired Spain
m. Julius Caesar expanded Rome‘s territory
n. Octavian grand nephew of Caesar continued
campaign of Caesar
o. Jurisprudence, Rome‘s contribution
 Medieval Period
1. Dark Age – barbaric tribes dominated
2. Supremacy of Christian Church - education
revived through church; church had great
influence on people and government
3. Feudalism – socio-political economic system that
prevailed in Europe, a manorial system was
established; period of chivalry or knighthood
4. Crusades – series of military expeditions by
Christians against Muslims to take back Holy Land.
 Modern Period
Renaissance period – revival of Greek classics.
Man‘s confidence in himself was revived.
Humanism was revived
Age of Revolution
1. Intellectual Revolution – Ideas of Francis
Bacon, Rene Descartes, Voltaire and
Montesquieu and Rousseau influenced
thinking.
2. Scientific revolution – changes in scientific
views and age of inventions
3. Industrial Revolution - Arnold Toynbee-
changes in economic life
4. Commercial Revolution – brought about by
colonial expansions
- Imperialism - rule of powerful countries
over weaker countries
5. Reformation – period of change in Western
Christendom. Reform on belief Catholicism.
6. Political Revolution - The spread of liberal
ideas led to revolution aimed at changing
government
• American Revolution – (1775 – 1783) –
was a struggle for independence from
British rule by the thirteen colonies.
- issue of taxation (no taxation without
representation)
- treaty of Paris in 1783 – Declaration of
Independence
George Washington – First President
• French Revolution – (1789 – 1799)
- Storming of the Bastille
- A new constitution was drawn up by the
National Assembly limiting the power of Louis
XVI.
- By 1872 the French Republic was declared
The king was deposed and beheaded
Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794) where Queen Marie
Antoinette was guillotined.
Napoleon Bonaparte - Consul for life by popular vote
 Global Wars
• 1. World War I (1914-1918)
- Caused by the assassination of the archduke
Ferdinand of Austria on June 28, 1914 at
Seravejo by a Serbian nationalist.
Triple Intente: England, France and Russia and
Triple Alliance; Germany, Austria and Turkey
war in Balkans spread to other parts of Europe
and their respective colonies
• USA entered the war in 1917
• About 11 million died
• World War II (1935-1945)
- war of ideology; between totalitarianism
(Hitler’s Nazism; Mussolini’s Fascism; and
Japan’s totalitarism) and democracy.
- began in Sept. 1, 1939 when Hitler invaded
Poland (Europe)
- bombing of the Pearl harbor on December 7,
1941 by Japan (Pacific).
- Germany and Italy surrendered in 1945.
• Japan surrendered- Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 Post War Period
• struggle for supremacy between communism
(USSR) and democracy (USA).

• USSR showed intentions of imposing

communistic rule in areas freed from Axis
control, such as in Germany and Korea.

• cold war - state of a diplomatic tension or a

war of nerves without resort to an actual
fighting.
 Politics
and Governance
with the
Philippine
Constitution
• Political science is the systematic
study of the State and
Government
• State is a community of persons
more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite
portion of the territory,
 Origin of the state :
Divine Theory – it holds that the state of divine
creation and the ruler is obtained by GOD to
govern the people.
Necessity or Force Theory – it maintains that states
must have been created through force by some
great warriors who imposed their will up on the
weak.
Paternalistic Theory – it attributes the origin of
states to the enlargement of the family, which
remained under the authority of the father or the
mother.
Social Contract Theory – it asserts that the early
states must have been formed by deliberate and
voluntary compact among the people
 Functions of the state:
• Constituent – those which constitute the
bond of society and are, therefore
compulsory in nature.
• Ministrant – those undertaken only buy
way of society and are, and are therefore
options of such as public works,
publication, public charity, health and
safety regulations and regulation of
trade and commerce.
Nation is a group of persons
occupying a portion of the territory
sharing the same language, culture,
tradition and history.

State distinguished from nation:

State is more of a judicial or legal
concept, while a Nation is more of a
racial or ethnic concept
 Inherent powers of the state:
• Police Power – power of the state to regulate
individual’s rights and property for the general
welfare.
• Eminent Domain or Power of Expropriation – it
is the power of the state to take possession of
private property for public purpose and after
payment of just compensation.
• Power of Taxation - the power of the state to
enforce proportionate contributions from the
people for support of all government programs
and services.
 Elements of the state:

• People
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty
 Forms of Government:
• Democracy -power or sovereignty is exercised and
or resides in the people
• Aristocracy - limited few (elite).
• Monarchy – one person (King or Queen)
• Parliamentary - President (titular head); Prime
Minister (runs the affairs of the State).
• Presidential - chief executive
• Federal- national and local- independent
• Military – military powers
• Revolutionary – means of force
• De Jure- constitutional (foundation)
• De Facto – not constitutional; exist by fact
• Civil – elected civilian officer.
State distinguished from government:
• It is the considered view that the acts of the
government ( within the prescribed limits of
the delegation of powers ) are the acts of the
state. – identical.
• The government is the agent through which
the will of the state is carried out.
• The state cannot exist without the
government but it is possible to have a
government without a state.
 Constitution:
• Body of rules and maxims in accordance with
which the power of sovereignty is habitually
exercised.
• Purpose or function:
1. To prescribe the permanent framework of the
system of government
2. To promote public welfare
• Kinds:
1. Written or rigid
2. Unwritten or flexible - collective product and
accumulation of customary rules, judicial decisions
 Two steps amending or revising:
1. Proposal – may be made by
o Congress
o Constitutional Convention
o People‘s initiative

2. Ratification – which means the submission of

the draft constitution to the electorate.
 1987 Philippine Constitution:
• Preamble:
• Article I: Philippine Territory
• Article II: Declaration Of Principles And Policies
• Article III: Bill Of Rights
• Article IV: Citizenship
• Article V: Suffrage
• Article VI: Legislative Department
• Article VII: Executive Department
• Article VIII: Judicial Department
• Article IX: Constitutional Commission
• Article X - Local Government
• Article XI - Accountability Of Public Officers
• Article XII - National Economy And Patrimony
• Article XIII - Social Justice And Human Rights
• Article XIV- Education, Science And
Technology, Arts, Culture And Sports
• Article XV- The Family
• Article XVI- General Provisions
• Article XVII- Amendments Or Revisions
• Article XVIII- Transitory Provisions
 Preamble:

• We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the

aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
 Meaning of Preamble:
• The term preamble comes from the Latin
word preambulare‘ which means, to walk
before‘. Strictly speaking, preamble is not an
integral part of the Constitution. Its true
office is to expound on the scope and nature,
the extent and application of the powers
actually conferred by the constitution.
(Watson, Const.Vol I p.92)
 Article I: Philippine Territory
• Terrestrial – jurisdiction over bodies of
land
• Fluvial - jurisdiction over maritime and
interior waters
• Aerial – jurisdiction over atmosphere

• UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on

Laws of the Seas) & UN International
Convention at Geneva.
• Internal Water – the water around connecting
and those that are in between the islands
regardless of their breadth and dimensions.
• Territorial Sea – is a belt of water outside of the
archipelagic baselines and adjacent to the
archipelagic waters.- not exceeding 12 nautical
miles.
• Contiguous Zone – beyond the territorial sea, may
extend to not more than 24 nautical miles from
the archipelagic baselines.
• Exclusive Economic Zone – which beyond and adjacent to
the territorial sea, may not extend more than 200 nautical
miles from the archipelagic baselines. The archipelagic
State has sovereign rights in the EEZ to explore, manage
and exploit all the natural resources living and non-living in
the waters, the sea bed and subsoil.
• Continental Shelf – is the seabed and subsoil of the
submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea
throughout the natural prolongation of its territory to the
outer
Seabed – is the land holding the sea beyond the seashore
Subsoil – is the soil below the surface soil including
mineral and natural resources
Insular shelves – are relatively shallow beds of sea
bottom bordering the land mass, the outer edges of which
sink considerably until the great ocean depths are reached.
 Article III: Bill Of Rights

• Bill of Rights – defined as a declaration and

enumeration of a person‘s rights and
privileges, which the Constitution designed to
protect against violations by the government
or by an individual or group of individuals.
• Classes of rights
1. Natural Right – possessed by every citizen
conferred upon him by God as a human being.
- Example: right to life, right to live
2. Constitutional Right - rights conferred and
protected by the Constitution part of the
fundamental law cannot be modified or taken
away by the law making body.
3. Statutory Right – it is provided by laws
promulgated by the law making body. It can
be abolished by the same body.
• Classes of constitutional rights
1. Civil Right – right which the law enforces to
private individual for the purposes of security,
happiness and enjoyment
2. Political Right – right of the citizen to
participate directly or indirectly in the
establishment of administration of the
government
3. Social and Economic Right – it is intended to
insure the well being and economic security of the
individual.
4. Right of the Accused – intended to protect
persons accused of any crime. They of law nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of
the law.
 ARITICLE IV – CITIZENSHIP
• General Ways of Acquiring Citizenship
1. Involuntary method – by birth because blood of relationship
or place of birth, and
2. Voluntary method – by naturalization, except in case of
collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which
takes place when it is ceded by one to another as a result of
conquest or treaty.
3. Citizenship by Birth
• o There are two principles or rules that govern citizenship by
birth, namely:
a. Jus Sanguinis – relationship by blood is the basis of the
acquisition of citizenship under this rule. The children follows
the citizenship of both of the parents or one of them. This is
the predominating principle in the Philippines.
b. Jus Soli or Jus Loci – place of birth as the basis for
acquiring citizenship under this rule.
 ARTICLE V-SUFFRAGE
• Meaning of Suffrage - Suffrage is the right and
obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the
election of certain national and local officers
of the government and in the decision of
public questions submitted to the people.
 Scope of Suffrage
• 1. Election – it is a means by which the people choose their
officials for definite and fixed periods and to whom they
entrust, for the time as their representatives, the exercise of
powers of government.
• 2. Plebiscite – it is the name given to a vote of the people
expressing their choice for or against a proposed law or
enactment submitted to them.
• 3. Referendum – it is the submission of a law or part thereof
passed by the national or local legislative body to the voting
citizens of a country for their ratification or rejection.
• 4. Initiative – it is the process whereby the people directly
propose and enact laws.
• 5. Recall – it is the method by which a public officer may be
removed from office during his tenure or before the
expiration of his term by a vote of the people after
registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of
the qualified voters.
 ARITICLE VI – LEGISLATIVE
DEPARTMENT
• THE SENATE: Qualifications of a Senator
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. at last 35 years of age on the date of the
election day
3. Able to read and write
4. A registered voter
5. A resident of the Philippines for not less than
two (2) years immediately proceeding the
election day
• THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
• Composition and election/selection – composed of not
more than 250 members popularly known as
Congressmen elected from legislative or congressional
districts and through party-list system
• Term of Office – three (3) years
• Qualifications of a Representative
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 25 years of age on the election day
3. Able to read and write
4. Except for party-list representative, a registered
voter
5. A resident thereof, for a period of not less than one
(1) year preceding the election day
 STEPS IN THE PASSAGE OF THE BILL
• 1. First reading
• 2. Referral to appropriate committee
• 3. Second reading
• 4. Debates
• 5. Printing and distribution
• 6. Third reading
• 7. referral to the other House
• 8. Submission to join bicameral committee
• 9. Submission to the President
ARTICLE VII – EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
• Qualifications of the President and Vice
President
• 1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
• 2. Registered voter
• 3. Able to read and write
• 4. At least 40 years of age
• 5. Resident of the Philippines for at least 10
years
 Powers of the president

• 1. Appointing Power
• 2. Power to revoke any appointments
• 3. Power of control over all executive department, etc
• 4. Military power
• 5. Power to grant reprieve, commutations and pardons
• 6. Power to contact and guarantee foreign loan
• 7. Power to enter into treaties or the international
agreement
• 8. Budgetary power
• 9. Power to address the Congress
 ARTICLE VIII – JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
• Qualifications for members of the Supreme
Court and any lower collegiate court
1. He must be a natural born citizen of the
Philippines, a naturalized citizen may not be
appointed.
2. He must be at least forty (40) years of age
3. He must have, for fifteen (15) years or more,
been a judge of a lower court or engaged in the
practice of law in the Philippines
4. He must be a person of proven competence,
integrity, probity and independence
ECONOMICS
• Oikonomia (Gk.)―management of
the household
• How individuals and society choose
to use its scarce resources to achieve
maximum satisfaction of human
material wants.
• Production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services.
 Two major Division:
• Microeconomics: examines the
functioning of individual industries and
the behavior of individual decision-
making units.

• Macroeconomics: examines the

economic behavior of aggregates. Looks
at the economy as a whole.
 Economic System

• Command Economy: the basic economics

questions are answered by a central
agency.
• Open-market/free market/ laisez-faire
economy: individuals and firms pursue
their own self-interest without any
central direction or regulation.
• Mixed system: market and government
co-exist
 Factors of Production:

• Land: all resources found on land, on the sea.

• Labor: kind of work, either mental or manual
in nature, which has the sole purpose of
receiving rewards
• Capital: stock of goods made by the people to
help them in the production of goods and
services.
• Entrepreneurship: coordinates all the factors
of production to produce goods and services.
• Demand: it is a market expression of the
cumulative willingness and ability of
household to buy different amount of
product at different prices.

• Supply: Is a market expression of the

cumulative willingness and ability of all
firms to produce different amount of a
product at different prices.
 Factors of Demand
• Changes in income
• Tastes and Preferences
• Price of substitute goods (replacement)
• Price of complimentary goods
• Expectation of future price
• expectation of future income
• Population
• Seasonality
 Factors of Supply
• Cost of production
• Price of related goods
• No. of firms in the industry
• Seasonality (weather condition)
• Expectation of future price
• Gross National Product (GNP)
- The market value of all the goods and
services produced by a nation in a given
period

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

- Measures the value of all the goods and
services produced in the country
 Prices in the Economy

• Price of goods - Inflation

• Price of labor – Wages
• Price of Money – Interest rate
• Price of local currency vs. foreign
currency – Forex rate
• Recession: a period during which aggregate
output declines for two consecutive quarter
• Depression: a prolonged and deep recession
• Inflation : Is a sustained and general increase
in prices in all or nearly all the markets in the
economy.
• Deflation : a sustained and general decrease
in prices in all of nearly all the markets in the
economy
 TAXATION
• It is an inherent power of the state to impose
and collect revenues to defray the necessary
expenses of the government.
• It is compulsory contribution imposed by a
public authority irrespective of the amount of
services rendered to the payer in return.
• It is compulsory level on private individuals
and organization by the government to raise
revenue to finance expenditure on public
goods and services.
 Purpose of Taxation
• To collect revenue for the government
• To redistribute income
• To combat inflation
• To correct an adverse balance of payment
• To check consumption of goods which are
considered undesirable
• To protect local infant industries
• To influence population trend
• To improve unfavorable terms of trade
• To reallocate resources to create a sense of
identity
 Sources and Origin of Taxation
• The Constitution
• Statutes or Presidential Degrees
• Bureau of Internal Revenue regulations
• Judicial Decision
• Provincial, Municipal and Barrio
Ordinances
• Observance of International Agreement
• Administrative Ruling and Opinions
 Types of Taxes
• 1. Direct Taxes
• o The burden cannot be shifted to the third party
• o Direct taxes are based on income and wealth
• o In most cases, direct taxes are progressive in nature
• o Direct taxes are compulsory in nature
• o Examples: income tax, residence tax, real state,
immigration tax, estate/gift/inheritance tax.
• 2. Indirect Taxes
• o The tax burden can be shifted to the third party
• o Indirect taxes are based on expenditure and consumption
• o All indirect taxes are regressive in nature
• o Indirect taxes are optional in the sense that they can be
avoided
• o Examples: sales tax, import tax, VAT/EVAT
GEOGRAPHY
• study of spatial variation of the Earth‘s surface
and of humankind‘s relation to the environment.
• climate, landforms, vegetation, soils, population,
economic activities, and political units, either on
a global scale or in a more limited area.
• principal approaches: Topical and Regional
• branches : Physical Geography (Geomorphology,
Biogeography, Climatology); Human Geography
(Cultural geography, Population geography,
Economic geography, Historical geography,
Political geography and Urban geography)
 5 Themes of Geography:
• 1. Location: the meaning of relative and
absolute position on the earth's surface
• 2. Place: the distinctive and distinguishing
physical and human characteristics of locales
• 3. Relationships within places: the
development and consequences of human-
environment relationships
• 4. Movement: patterns and change in human
spatial interaction on the earth
• 5. Regions: how they form and change
 Types of Maps:
• Climate maps- general information about the climate
and precipitation (rain and snow) of a region.
• Economic or resource maps - type of natural resources
or economic activity that dominates an area.
• Physical maps - illustrate the physical features of an
area, such as the mountains, rivers and lakes.
• Road maps – major and minor highways and roads,
airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of
interest in an area.
• Topographic maps - These maps include contour lines
to show the shape and elevation of an area.
CONTINENTS:
 ASIA
• Largest continent - area 44,444,100 km2 (17,159,995
mi2), or about 33% of the world‘s total land surface.
• Most populous of all the continents; 60% of the
world‘s total population.
• Climatic realms: monsoon Asia, dry Asia, and cold Asia.
• Geographical & political-cultural subdivisions:
o Southwest Asia
o South Asia
o East Asia
o Southeast Asia and
o Central/North Asia
• The highest point in Mount Everest, which
towers to 8,848 m (29,028 ft) in Nepal; the
lowest point is 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea
level along the shores of the Dead Sea in
Israel and Jordan.
• Major cooperative :
– ASEAN (Economic, Political, Cultural, Educational)
– ARAB LEAGUE (1945) - Arab Unity
- SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation)
- APEC – trade liberalization within the PAcific
 AFRICA
• Africa is the second-largest continent after Asia.
• European called Africa the “Dark Continent”
• Sahara, the largest desert in the world.
• Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,340 ft), a semi-
active volcano, highest peak.
• Nile River, the world’s longest river (6650
km/4,132 mi)
• Most rural and least urbanized of the
continents.
 NORTH AMERICA

• The Caribbean Islands combined with

Mexico and Central America and
described, collectively, as Middle
America.

• Greenland- world‘s largest island.

 SOUTH AMERICA
• The Andes- longest mountain chain in the
world.
• The Amazon River surpasses all others in
volume of flow, and the Amazon Basin is the
world‘s largest area of tropical rain forest.
• The continent is part of Latin America
• Racial heritage: Caucasian, African and
Indian
• Spanish is the official language of nine
countries in South America.
 ANTARCTICA
• the coldest climate on Earth
• Scientists, for study purposes
• Birds : penguins (7 species),
albatrosses, and petrels.
• marine mammals: seal and the
whale.
 EUROPE
• 7% of the world‘s land area and about 10% of its
population
• The highest elevations in Europe are in the
Caucasus Mountains and the Alps.
• Vatican City with around 1,000 people is the
world‘s smallest sovereign state.
• world standards literacy rates are very high
throughout Europe.
• cradle of the Industrial Revolution in cities such
as London, Paris, and Berlin
• European Union (EU) is an economic and
political union
 AUSTRALIA
• the world’s smallest continent
• Largest and biggest exporter of black
coal, lead, bauxite, alumina and
diamonds.
• Iron ore (4th); zinc (2nd), silver (6th)
• the continent was populated by a
number of diverse groups of hunter-
gatherer peoples, who as usually
referred to as ―Aborigines.
 OCEANIA
• refer to the widely scattered islands of
the central and southern Pacific Ocean
(includes Australia & New Zealand)

• three major groups:

1. Melanesia (“black islands”)
2. Micronesia (little islands)
3. Polynesia (many islands)
 PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
• Location: Southeastern Asia
• Total Area: 300,000 sq km
• Elevation extremes:
o lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m
o highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m
• Ethnic groups
Tagalog 28.1%; Cebuano 13.1%; Ilocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%; Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%,
Bikol 6%,; Waray 3.4%; other 25.3%
• Taft Commission chose Rizal out of several
great Filipinos as the number one hero of his
people.

• R.A.1425 (Batas Rizal) mandated the offering

of the course Buhay at Katha ni Rizal.-
Nationalism
 Rizal as a Person:
• The Great Thinker – reason &
understanding
• The Great Doer - intellect should be
practiced through performance (research,
art, sciences)
• The Great Lover – God, family and friends,
country and Josephine Bracken.
• The Great Servant Leader – no political
position, propaganda movement –
inspiration.
 Rizal’s Works:
1. To My Fellow Children (Sa Aking Mga Kabata) – poem,
appeal to love their national language.
(Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika, ay higit pa sa
hayop at malansang isda, kaya ang marapat pagyamaning
kusa na tulad sa isang tunay na nagpala.)‖

2. To The Filipino Youth ( A La Juventud Filipina)- expresses

immortal message of love of country, energy and faith
particularly in the youth, the ―Hope of the
Fatherland.‖(Ang Kabataan ang Pag-asa ng Bayan.‖)
3. Letter to the Young Women of Malolos - conviction that
women should think for themselves, should be educated,
and should be more active in public office.
4. The Intricate Alliance between Religion and Good
Education - Education without God is not true education.
5. My Last Farewell - Fort Santiago, Bagumbayan; poem
is full of the author‘s love of country when he uttered
this, ―It is sweet to die for you so that you may live. It
is sweet to die and sleep under your sky.‖
6. The Council of Gods - The winning allegorical drama in
a literary contest.
7. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
- Noli Me Tangere is a romantic novel, it is a work of
the heart, a book of feeling;

- El Filibusterismo is a political novel; it is a work of

the head, a book of thoughts; containing bitterness,
hatred, pain violence and sorrow.
Other
Heroes
and
Heroines
 Apolinario Mabini y Maranan

• political philosopher and revolutionary,

wrote the constitution for the first
Philippine Republic of 1899-1901.
• First prime minister in 1899
• referred to as "the Sublime Paralytic",
and as "the Brains of the Revolution”.
• the "Dark Chamber of the President"
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan
• one of the leading illustrado propagandist of
the Philippine War of Independence.
• co-publisher and founder of La Solidaridad
newspaper
• In 1882, founded the newspaper "Diariong
Tagalog" to promote reforms among the
farmers and peasants.
• Second editor of La Solidaridad.
 Graciano López y Jaena

• writer and journalist in the

Philippine Revolution
• founded the fortnightly newspaper,
La Solidaridad.
• died of tuberculosis
 Juan Luna y Novicio
• A Filipino painter
• Shot Maria de la Paz (wife) and her
mother to death in September 1892.-
suspicion of infidelity.
• most famous piece, “The Spolarium”,
(18884) Madrid Exposition
• died of heart failure in Hong Kong on
December 7, 1899.
 María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang
• the first Filipino woman to lead a revolt
during the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines.

• She led the group for four months after Diego

Silang’s death before she was captured and
executed.
 Lapu-Lapu
• The king of Mactan Island

• he‘s regarded as the first great hero of

the Philippine Islands

• he‘s accountable to the death of

Magellan
 General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

• a Filipino general, politician, and

independence leader.

• considered to be the country's

first and the youngest Philippine
President.
 Andres Bonifacio
• He led the revolt in Balintawak, and
founded the Katipunan.

• The first salvo of the revolution

began in August 26, 1896, with
thousands of Filipinos who joined
him.
 THANK YOU !!!
&
GOD BLESS EAGLES!!!
SOAR HIGH
&
HIT THE TOP!!!