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Kind of Discourse

This document discusses different types of discourse, including spoken and written discourse. It provides examples of spoken discourse such as conversations, sermons, and lectures. Spoken discourse can involve monologues from one person, dialogues between two people, or multilogues with many participants. Written discourse is organized into paragraphs and uses punctuation to aid the reader. Examples of written discourse include novels, newspapers, letters and magazines.

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385 views18 pages

Kind of Discourse

This document discusses different types of discourse, including spoken and written discourse. It provides examples of spoken discourse such as conversations, sermons, and lectures. Spoken discourse can involve monologues from one person, dialogues between two people, or multilogues with many participants. Written discourse is organized into paragraphs and uses punctuation to aid the reader. Examples of written discourse include novels, newspapers, letters and magazines.

Uploaded by

Ita Kusuma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discourse content

Discourse analysis
 Spoken discourse
 Written discourse
Spoken discourse
 A spoken discourse is any discourse that is verbalized or
spoken.
 It is also generally referred to as speech.
 Some examples of spoken discourse are: casual
conversation, sermon, political campaign, symposium,
public lecture, classroom discourse, doctor-patient
discourse, telephone exchange, service encounter, sports
commentaries, etc.
 Though a spoken discourse is essentially verbal, certain
non-verbal behavior helps speakers to interpret the
discourse.
 They include, our facial gestures, body movements and
other sounds uttered that are not necessarily regarded as
speech.
 Spoken discourse takes place in different forms. We
have face-to-face discourse in which the speakers are
together physically.
 Apart from this, we have distance communication, in which
though the speakers are not necessarily together physically,
they are still able to transmit their voice through some
other media like: radio, telephone, and so forth.
Spoken discourse
1. Monologue
2. Dialogue
3. Multilogue
4. Conversation
1.Monologue
 Monologue refers to a speech situation in which an
individual is doing the talking for a long time either to
himself or to other people who are not responding.
 long uninterrupted speech by somebody: a long
tedious uninterrupted speech during a conversation.
 Encarta dictionary
 express our thoughts aloud even when they are not really
addressing some specific people.

 Monologue is also used in drama to make the audience


or readers to know the thought of a character.
 as dramatic monologue.
 A dramatic monologue is also called a soliloquy when
it refers to a lengthy talk in which a character, alone
on stage, expresses his or her thoughts aloud.
 Soliloquy is often used to reveal thoughts or feelings that is
delivered by a character in a play to him or herself, or
directly to the audience.
2.Dialogue
 a conversation between two persons
 a discourse that involves 2 or more participants.
 The roots of the word Dialogue can be traced to the
Greek "dia" and "logos" which means "through meaning."
 an exchange of ideas by the participants.
 A dialogue is not just a situation in which two or
more people are interacting,
 it is a skillful exchange or interaction between people with
shared understanding based on their cultural practice and
shared world-view.
 For two or more people to be involved in a dialogue
successfully, they must be able to share some sort of
understanding about the topic in focus.
3.Multilogue
 Multilogue refers to a situation in which too many people
are engaged in conversation at the same time.
 This may refer to the situation in which many
conversations are happening at one time within a
chatroom.
 The term is also more commonly used to describe a
situation in which many interactancts communicate
using the aid computer mediated forms, such as online
video, message boards, forums, etc.
4.Conversation
 Conversation simply refers to the use of speech for
exchange of ideas by two or more people.
 A conversation may be formal or informal.
 This is determined by the kind of relationship that exists
between the people involved.
 Spontaneous
 A conversation is built on certain conventions, such as:
 the people involved do share some common grounds, such as
a culture, a belief or norm,
 the people know that ideas are being shared, so no one
dominates,
 the conversationalists respect one another’s views despite
their differences
Written discourse
 A written discourse is any discourse in which the thoughts of
the producer are represented graphically on a surface, such as
paper and other media.

 Written discourse is organized in such a way that similar ideas


are put together in sections of the writing called paragraph
and each paragraph can usually be summarized in one
sentence, which is generally called the topic sentence.

 Each paragraph is linked with the one directly before it and


the one after, and all the paragraphs can be seen as a unified
whole.
 To make written language easy to read, certain marks are
used to punctuate it.
 These marks are used to indicate where the reader needs to
pause for a period of time (full stop and comma),
 raise the tone of their voice to either show that they are
asking a question or that they are surprised.
 These marks are called punctuation marks.
 When punctuation marks are not used in any written
discourse, such discourse loses the full meaning that it
ought to convey to the reader.
 Examples of written discourse are: newspaper stories,
letters, novels, articles in magazines, editorial in
newspapers, etc.
 Halliday 1985 : Halliday, M.A.K., Spoken and Written
Language, Victoria : Deakin University, 1985.

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