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Hydrology Chapter 1

This document discusses the analysis of meteorological and hydrological data needed for hydrological studies. It explains that precipitation data from rain gauges requires corrections and adjustments to account for measurement errors. It also discusses different methods for estimating regional precipitation and filling in missing data, as well as checking for inconsistencies over time. Finally, it mentions approaches for estimating areal precipitation across a region from point rainfall measurements.

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194 views11 pages

Hydrology Chapter 1

This document discusses the analysis of meteorological and hydrological data needed for hydrological studies. It explains that precipitation data from rain gauges requires corrections and adjustments to account for measurement errors. It also discusses different methods for estimating regional precipitation and filling in missing data, as well as checking for inconsistencies over time. Finally, it mentions approaches for estimating areal precipitation across a region from point rainfall measurements.

Uploaded by

ashe zinab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL

DATA ANALYSIS
Hydrological studies require extensive analysis of
meteorological
hydrological
and spatial data
to represent the actual processes taking
place on the environment and better estimation
of quantities out of it.
• Precipitation is the source of all waters
which enters the land.
• Hydrologists need to understand how the
amount, rate, duration, and quality of
precipitation
• distribution in space and time

hydrologic responses of a catchments


• Estimates of regional precipitation are
critical inputs to water-balance and other
types of models used in water-resource
management.
• The uncertainties associated with a value
of regional precipitation consist of:
• 1. Errors due to point measurement
• 2. Errors due to uncertainty in converting
point measurement data into estimates of
regional precipitation
1.2 Meteorological data
• 1.2.1 Principles of Data Analysis
→ a) Corrections to Point Measurements
• Rain gages that project above the ground
surface causes wind eddies affecting the
catch of the smaller raindrops and nowflakes.
• The daily measured values need to be
updated by applying a correction factor K
after corrections for evaporation, wetting lose
Correction factor for unshielded
rain gauges:
• Kru = 100 exp (-4.605 + 0.062 Va0.58)

• Correction factor for Alter wind shielded rain


gauges:

• Kru = 100 exp (-4.605 + 0.041 Va0.69)

• Errors due to splashing and evaporation usually


are small and can beneglected.
Systematic errors often associated with
recording type rain gauges

1– 5% of the total catch


b) Estimation of Missing Data
• Several approaches are used to estimate
the missing values.
Station Average,
Normal Ratio,
Inverse Distance Weighting,
and Regression methods
c) Checking the Consistency of
Point Measurements
• of the common causes for inconsistency of record
are:
1. Shifting of a rain gauge station to a new location
2. The neighbor hood of the station may have
undergoing a marked change
3. Change in the immediate environment due to
damages due to deforestation, obstruction, etc.
4. Occurrence of observational error from a certain
date both personal and instrumental
• The most common method of checking for
inconsistency of a record is the Double-Mass
Curve analysis (DMC).
• The adjustment is done by applying a
correction factor K,
1.3 Areal Estimation
• Rain gauges represent only point
measurements.
• Several approaches have been devised for
estimating areal precipitation from point
measurements.
1. The Arithmetic mean,
2. Thiessen polygon
3. And the Isohyetal method
1.4 Hydrological Data

• The availability of stream flow data is


important for the model calibration process
in catchment modelling.

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