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Bit. - Byte (Character / Numeric) - Word (Collection of Bytes) - Field (Data - Group of Word / Words) - Record (Describes An Entity - Many Fields)

The document discusses key concepts related to databases including: 1) Records contain fields which store individual pieces of data, and a database contains logically related records. 2) Databases allow for random access of records using indexes on key fields and improve over traditional file-based approaches by reducing redundancy, improving consistency, and enabling easier data access. 3) Normalization is a process to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity in a relational database by organizing it into tables and defining relationships between them.

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Syed Momin
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36 views14 pages

Bit. - Byte (Character / Numeric) - Word (Collection of Bytes) - Field (Data - Group of Word / Words) - Record (Describes An Entity - Many Fields)

The document discusses key concepts related to databases including: 1) Records contain fields which store individual pieces of data, and a database contains logically related records. 2) Databases allow for random access of records using indexes on key fields and improve over traditional file-based approaches by reducing redundancy, improving consistency, and enabling easier data access. 3) Normalization is a process to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity in a relational database by organizing it into tables and defining relationships between them.

Uploaded by

Syed Momin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ITM 4 -1

FILE
• bit.
• Byte (Character / Numeric)
• Word ( collection of Bytes)
• Field ( Data – group of word / words )
• Record ( Describes an Entity – many fields)
ITM 4 -2

FIELD
• Unique ( Primary key )
• Other field ( Secondary Key – not with
complete details / partial details)
ITM 4 -3

STORING &
ACCESSING RECORDS
• ISAM – An index of Key fields to locate
individual records.
• Random / Direct Access – can retrieve
records in any order irrespective of the
actual physical order of storage.

Cylinder , Track , Sector


ITM 4 –4-1

STORING &
ACCESSING RECORDS
• ISAM – An index of Key fields to locate
individual records.
• Random / Direct Access – can retrieve records
in any order irrespective of the actual physical
order of storage.Most suitable when only a
few records are reqd.and the records are not
stored in any sequence.
ITM 4 –4-2

STORING &
ACCESSING RECORDS

Cylinder ,
Track ,
Sector
ITM 4-5-1

FILE APPROACH
Data File – collection of logically related records.
Approach to data management, where the organisation has
multiple applications with related data files, is considered
the TRADITIONAL APPROACH.
Problems Faced : Sharing common functions (Input, Report
Generation, Querying & Data Browsing)
Designed , coded ,tested ,documented and implemented for
many applications at a very high cost.
ITM 4-5-2

FILE APPROACH
• Training for each application on transfer of personnel.
• Wastage of resources in creating and maintaining similar
applications.
• Data redundancy.
• Data inconsistency.
• Data isolation (Difficulty in accessing data – inch/cms )
ITM 4-5-3

FILE APPROACH
• Speed & accuracy reduced.
• Security.
• Integrity
• Application / Data Independence.
ITM 4-6

DATA BASE

Why Data Base ?


Managing tera bytes of data.
Clear & comprehensive perspective on data.
Able to collect, organize, analyze and interpret
data.
Logical and Physical views.
Security, Data Integrity, Availability.
Time consuming – Back up.
ITM 4-7

DATA BASE

A data base is a logical group of related


files.
Centralized Data Base.(one location)
Distributed Data Base.(many locations /
duplicate DB)
Partitioned Data Base.(part of DB )
ITM 4-8

DATA BASE
DESIGN
Conceptual Design : Abstract model of
the data base from the user or business
perspective.
Physical Design : how actually arranged
on storage devices.
ITM 4-9-1

DATA BASE
MODEL
ENTITY-Relationship : conceptual data
model with Entity _ Relationship
diagram. (entity – box, relationship –
diamond, attribute – box.)
ITM 4-9-2

DATA BASE
MODEL
1:1 One to One (SSN / PAN)
1:M One to Many (dept/emp)
M:M Many to Many (prod/cust)
ITM 4-10

NORMALISATION
A method for analyzing and
reducing a Relational Database
to its most streamlined form for
min.redundancy, max. data
integrity, and best processing
performance.

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