GSM/UMTS/LTE DT Knowledge Sharing

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Content
1 XX LTE Network Overview

2 RF System/Architructre Call Flow

3 Mobility management Chart

4 About Drive Test

5 LTE Main RF Parameters

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 XX Network Overview (For Example only)

XX Network

LTE UMTS GSM CDMA

L1800 L2600 U2100 U900 G1800 G900 C800

-Same RRU is used for L1800/G1800. So need to be careful while doing

Power changes and tilt changes on LTE as it may affect GSM 1800.

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RF System:

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LTE Network Architecture

-MME/SGSN are combined entity in XX

-SGW/GGSN are combined entity in XX

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 LTE Call Flow
Attach Request
• IMSI / GUTI Update Location Request
• IMEI
HSS • IMSI Authentication Information Answer
Authentication Request • E-UTRAN Authentication vector (KASME,
• UE capability Update Location Answer
• RAND and AUTN RAND, AUTN, and XRES)
• UE AMBR
Authentication Response • APN (default), AMBR, QCI
• RES • APN, AMBR, QCI Authentication Information
• APN, AMBR, QCI Request
Security mode command • IMSI
• EPS ciphering algorithm
• EPS integrity algorithm
Create Session Response
Security mode complete • PDN address (IP)
• QCI, AMBR, ARP
Modify Bearer Request • PCO with DNS
Attach Accept MME • SGW S11 & S1u teids
• eNB S1u IP, teid
• PDN address (IP)
• AMBR and QCI
Modify Bearer Response Create Session Request
• PCO with DNS
• APN, AMBR and PDN type
• MME S11 teid
uplinkNASTransport
uplinkNASTransport • Cell id and TAC
UE Attach Complete initialUEMessage SGW
eNodeB downlinkNASTransport PGW
• TAC
downlinkNASTransport
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC uplinkNASTransport
InitialContextSetup
• AMBR InitialContextSetupResponse
• •
Bearer AMBR, QCI, ARP eNB S1u IP, teid Create Session Request
• SGW S1u IP, teid • APN, AMBR and PDN type
Default Bearer • SGW S5 teid

Create Session Response

• PDN address (IP)
• QCI, AMBR, ARP
• PCO with DNS
• PGW S5 teid

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Mobility Management Overview

Mobility Management

Idle State Connected State

Cell Reselection Handover

Intra-frequency Inter-frequency Inter-RAT

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LTE Basic in terms of Drive test

Scope
› About Drive Test
› Important Radio Parameters
› Useful Tools
› Cases

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About Drive test
What is Drive Test?
The Drive Test is a test performed in cellular networks regardless of technology (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE,
etc. ...). Means collecting data on vehicle movement. Its based on scenario Walk Test in High rise
building/shopping Mall i.e, collect data by walking areas of interest.
Drive Test, as already mentioned, is the procedure to perform a test while driving. The vehicle does not really
matter, you can do a drive test using a motorcycle or bicycle. What matters is the hardware and software used
in the test.

Objectives:
The purpose of the drive test to perform the RF design verification, identify any coverage and quality problems
to optimise LTE network performance.
At this stage, the main focus is on fundamental end-to-end service accessibility target (e.g. Voice Calls/Data
Call and its drop rates) and on performance targets such as coverage related targets (such as RSRP,RSRQ
and SINR), and DL/UL Throughput speed performance.
For this case it was needed each other from drive test data collection and also Physical site changes like
tilting, antenna orientation and antenna height.

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Types of Drive Test
Single site Verification (SSV) based Drive and testing along the provided route to check the
Coverage footprint and Quality of Network.
Each sector in the site is tested for throughput for uplink and downlink frequencies
Hand overs intra/Inter Sites.
I-Rat Handovers
During SSV we need to perform below-
1. Stationary Test: it means need to check the Throughput/Voice Call in each sector to ensure all
Function is working fine. Also this static test we can test in main Hotspots.
2. Mobility Test: it means we need to check Coverage footprint and Quality of Network in each
sectors via drive testing and also can check Handovers.

oClusterDrive (Might be included in project scope)

Multiple sites belonging to same location combined as cluster
Provided drive routes that are supposed to be followed while driving and testing the network
Additional tools used here would be MapInfo or google earth.

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Elements (Tools required) for Drive test

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Tools:
 Test laptop (must have Genex Probe installed/PHU).
 UE (Mobile phone)
 Scanner (Correct model as per requirement).
 GPS Antenna (connected to scanner)
 RF antenna (connected to scanner)
 Power cables and USB cables.
 Dongle/tethering for laptop internet connection.
 FTP server details and tests to be performed.
 Test SIM.

Drive Route:
 Drive Route is the path where you have to do the Drive test.
 Its design by MapInfo or google earth and
approved by customer (if required).

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Sample of mapinfo drive route

Position yourself here to check if

sector/PCI is correct

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Before Drive test we should know?
There is 2 type of details we should know before perform the Drive Test-
1. Physical Details:
 Site id/Site name/BSC Name/Area Name.
 Location along with Latitude & Longitude.
 Tower Height
 Antenna Heights
 Antenna Azimuth: Direction/Angle at which a sector is transmitting. Measured in degree
 Electrical Tilt
 Mechanical Tilt
 Vector : It is the path in geographical area i.e. Roads/river/Railway line/mountains etc.
 Cell file: It means this the combined details of Physical and Soft details
2. Soft Details:
 LTE BAND
 EARFCN Note: All mentioned data should be match with Engineering Parameters.
 PCI
 RSI
 CGI
 Enode B ID
 TAC

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Check List:

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Sector swap example

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Antenna Azimuth/Sectors Representation:

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How to connect and initial settings:
 You can see in details ( as attached ppt) as how to connect the GPS/UE etc.Please note that the
connection shown in ppt is for GSM, and same procedure will be follow in UMTS as well as LTE.

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 Drive Test Parameters understanding:

Important DT RF LTE Parameters

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PCI:
• PCI :- Physical Cell Id
•
• Range :- 0 to 503

• Significance - PCI used to identify the cell & is used to transmit the data

• PCI = PSS + 3*SSS

PSS is Primary Synchronization Signal ( Identifies Cell Id ).
PSS value can be 0, 1 & 2
SSS is Secondary Synchronization Signal ( identifies Cell Id
group).
SSS value can be 0 to 167.
There is no standard way for planning of PCIs but there are some guidelines.
• Co‐PCI assignment for close sites needs to be avoided
• Sectors on the same eNode B should have the same SSS code but different PSS (assuming three sectored sites).
This is not mandatory but helps synchronization of UEs and improves traceability of the PCI assignment.
• Co‐PCI assignment for the neighbors needs to be avoided. If the neighbors are Co‐PCI, the handover process
may fail. Also, this is the trickiest requirement. (We will be adding an analysis in the LTE toolbox that evaluates
the PCI assignment and detects this condition)
• It is common to allocate a separate set of PCIs for outdoor cells and indoor cells. The reason is again
management of the PCIs and the fact that indoor cells are rarely tri‐sectored. They are usually deployed in
variety of antenna configurations.

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PCI Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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RSRP:
SIGNAL STRENGTH/RSRP: HOW STRONG THE SIGNAL IS

-50 dBm -60 dBm -70 dBm

-50 dBm -110 dBm

Away from the site

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RSRP:
• RSRP :- Reference signal receive power.

•RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

where RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator

N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the
BW
• Significance : - RSRP is the most basic of the UE physical layer
measurements and is the linear average power (in watts) of the downlink reference signals (RS)
across the channel bandwidth for the Resource elements that carry cell specific Reference
Signals. Knowledge of absolute RSRP provides the UE with essential information about the
strength of cells from which path loss can be calculated and used in the algorithms for
determining the optimum power settings for operating the network. Reference signal receive
power is used both in idle and connected states

• Range :- -44 to -140 dBm

• RSRP term is used for coverage same as RSCP in 3G.

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RSRP Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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RSRQ:
• RSRQ :- Reference signal receive quality.

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)

N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured
RSSI is wide band power, including intra cell power, interference and noise.

•Significance :- It provides the Indication of Signal Quality . Measuring RSRQ becomes

particularly important near the cell edge when decisions need to be made, regardless of absolute
RSRP, to perform a handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is used only during
connected states

•Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB

• RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.

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RSRQ Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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SINR:
• SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.

SINR = S / I + N

S -- Average Received Signal Power

I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power

• Significance : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless

Connections. As the energy of signal fades with distance i.e. Path
Loss due to environmental parameters ( e.g. background noise ,
interfering strength of other simultaneous transmission)

Radio Conditions for SINR Measurement

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SINR Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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RSSI:
• RSSI :- Received Signal Strength Indicator.

• RSSI = wideband power = noise + serving cell power + interference power

• RSSI=12*N*RSRP
• RSSI per resource block is measured over 12 resource elements.

N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW

Based on the above:

RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

•Significance – Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the wanted
power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power & other sources of noise

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RSSI Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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CQI:
• CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator.

• Range :- 1 to 15

Significance: CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless channels i.e. it

indicates the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by the UE .CQI can be a
value representing a measure of channel quality for a given channel. Typically, a high value CQI
is indicative of a channel with high quality and vice versa.

• CQI is measured in the Dedicated mode only.

•CQI depends on the RF conditions.

• Better the CQI better the throughput will get and vice versa.

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CQI Plot & Ranges along with % and No. of samples

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BLER
• BLER :- Block Error Rate

• Block Error Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of erroneous blocks received to the
total number of blocks transmitted.
 Significance - A simple method by which a UE can choose an appropriate CQI value
could be based on a set of Block Error Rate (BLER) thresholds . The UE would report
the CQI value corresponding to the Modulation Coding Schemes that ensures BLER ≤
10% based on the measured received signal quality
• BLER is Calculated using Cyclic Redundancy error Checking method
 High BLER leads to loss of Peak rates & efficiency
• BLER threshold should be low i.e. ≤ 10%

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DL Throughput:
Downlink Throughput
-InE-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).

Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times

Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over 300 Mbps downlink as compared
to 14 Mbps in UMTS)

- The supported user throughput should scale with the spectrum

bandwidth.

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 UL Throughput:
Uplink Throughput

-InE-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx

antennas at the E Node B.

- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx

antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- Significance- Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G
(Over 50 Mbps Uplink as compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS)

- The user throughput should scale with the spectrum bandwidth

provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.

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Throughput(DL/UL) Calculation LTE:

Downlink Throughput Calculation:

From the 3gpp specification:
-1 Radio Frame = 10 Sub-frame
-1 Sub-frame = 2 Time-slots
-1 Time-slot = 0.5 ms (i.e 1 Sub-frame = 1 ms)
-1 Time-slot = 7 Modulation Symbols (when normal CP length is used)
-1 Modulation Symbols = 6 bits; if 64 QAM is used as modulation scheme

Radio resource is manage in LTE as resource grid....

-1 Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sub-carriers

Assume 10 MHz channel bandwidth (50 RBs), normal CP

Therefore, number of bits in a sub-frame

= 50RBs x 12 sub-carriers x 2 slots x 7 modulation symbols x 6 bits

= 50400 bits

Hence, data rate = 50400bits / 1 ms = 50.4 Mbps

* If 2x2 MIMO is used, then the peak data rate would be 2 x 50.4 Mbps = 100.8 Mbps.

* If 3/4 coding is used to protect the data, we still get 0.75 x 100 Mbps = 75 Mbps as data rate.

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 Latency:

 Reduced transit times for user packets (reduced latency), an order of magnitude shorter than
that can be provided in 3G networks (i.e. the user plane -data latency will be lower than
10ms and under 100 ms for control plane -signaling)

 Significance - Low delay/latency due to fewer Nodes , Shorter TTI , Shorter Messages &
quicker node response leads to more efficient use of radio spectrum & Higher Capacity

 Control plane deals with signaling and control functions, while user plane deals with actual
user data transmission

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 TAC (Tracking Area Code):
 Tracking Area (TA)
 It is the successor of location and routing areas from 2G/3G.
 When a UE attached is to the network, the MME will know the UE’s position on tracking area
level which is then stored in the HSS database. In case the UE has to be paged, this will be
done in the full tracking area.
 Tracking areas are identified by a Tracking Area Identity (TAI).
 TAI is constructed from the MCC, MNC, and TAC (Tracking Area Code)
 A Tracking Area (TA) includes one or several E-UTRAN cells

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TAC (Tracking Area Code) Representation

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EARFCN

EARFCN
- Identifier used to determine a particular
Frequency band used for testing.
- Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
(ARFCN). ‘E’ in EARFCN stands for LTE or ‘U’
in UARFCN stands for UMTS (3G).

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 Handover basics
 Inter and Intra handover testing needs to be done.
 Intra – Same, Inter – Different
 Handover – moving from one sector/frequency to another
sector/frequency.
 Same sector can have different frequency bands.

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Intra handover

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 Inter handover

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Key parameters for Call Drops

Reason for Call drops :

 Poor Coverage (Poor RSRP or SINR)

 HO Failures (Missing NBR relations, Incorrect Cell Radius)

 Alarm on nearby site (VSWR alarms, Link fault)

 High UL RSSI at target cell cause the call drop during HO

 UE Problem (chipset problem, sync issue)

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UE Categories
› The UE Category limits throughput possibilities.

› The UE-Cat is sent in the UE Capability Transfer

procedure (RRC UECapabilityInformation)

3GPP has now defined UE Category 6 also which supports Carrier aggregation
(CA) and VOLTE. Huawei M7 is Category 6 UE.

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GSM and UMTS Materials

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 THANK YOU

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