History of Statistics

Egypt in the form of

The history of statistics can
recording the number of
be traced back at least to
sheep or cattle owned, the
the biblical time of Asian
amount of grain produced,
Egypt, Babylon, and
and the number of people
Rome.
living in the particular city.

Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a

King’s rule and the vast territory that he occupied.

Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population for

the purpose of collecting taxes.

3
Modern statistics
is said to have
begun with John
Graunt.

4
Karl Friedrich Gauss
brilliant German mathematician who used
statistical methods in making prediction
about the position of planets in our solar
system.

5
Adolphe Quetelet
✗ Belgian astronomer developed the idea of
the “Average man” from his studies of the
Belgian census. He was also known as the
“Father of Modern statistics”.

6
Karl Pearson
an English made important links
between probability and
statistics.

7
Importance and
Application of
Statistics in
Different Fields

8
Business
Education
Psychology
Politics and
Government
Medicine
Agriculture
Economics
Mathematics
Everyday
Life
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
✗ Define descriptive inferential statistics and other
terminologies;
✗ Identify whether a study is descriptive or inferential;
✗ Differentiate population and sample, parameter and
statistic;
✗ Identify if a given data is quantitative or qualitative;
✗ Identify whether a variable is discrete, continuous,
dependent and independent.

20
 2 areas under statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
-statistics that are used to describe some - statistical procedures that are used
aspect of the data, such as the typical to draw inferences, information and
score or the variability of scores. conclusions about the properties or
-Is a statistical procedure concerned with characteristics of the large group of
describing the characteristics and people, places, or things under study
properties of a group of persons, places, or based on the information obtained
things. from a small portion of that large
-Generally, it involves gathering, group.
organizing, presenting and describing data.

21
 STATISTICS

✗ Descriptive ✗ Inferential

estimation
collection Hypothesis
organization testing
Determining
summarization relationships
presentation Predictions
Generalizing

22
Assessment time!
23
 Exercise 1

Tell whether the following situations will make use of descriptive

statistics or inferential statistics.
_______________1. A teacher computes the average grade of her
students and then determines the top ten students.
_______________2. A manager of a business firm predicts future
sales of the company based on the present sales.
_______________3. A psychologist investigates if there is a
significant relationship between mental age and chronological age.
_______________4. A sports journalist determines the most popular
basketball player for this year.
_______________5. A market vendor investigates the most popular
brand of vinegar.

24
Terminologies
in Statistics
Population –refers to a
large collection of
objects, persons,
places, or things. It
is usually denoted or
represented by N.
26
Maps

BAT2B

27
Sample – a subgroup,
subset, or
representative of a
population. Is a small
portion or part of a
population.

28
Parameter –any numerical or
nominal characteristic of a
population. It is a value
or measurement obtained
from a population. It is
usually referred to as the
true or actual value.
29
Statistic – is an estimate of a
parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a
sample.

30
Data
- are facts, or a set of ✗ Qualitative data are ✗ Quantitative data are
information or data which can assume data which are
values that manifest the numerical in nature.
observations under study.
concept of attributes. These are data
More specifically, data are
These are sometimes obtained from
gathered by the called categorical data. counting or
researcher from a Data falling in this measuring. In addition,
population or from a category cannot be meaningful arithmetic
sample. Data may be subjected to meaningful operations can be
classified into two arithmetic operations. done with this type of
They cannot be added, data.
categories, qualitative and
subtracted, or divided.
quantitative.

31
Variable Discrete Variable –
is one that can
✗ is a characteristic, property, or
assume a finite
attribute of a population or
number of values. In
sample which makes the other words, it can
members different from each assume specific
other. values only. The
values of a discrete
variable are obtained
through the process
of counting.

32
 Continuous
Variable – is one
that can assume Dependent
infinite values Variable – is a
within a specified
variable which is
interval. The
values of a affected or
continuous influenced by
variable are another variable.
obtained through
measuring.

33
Independent Variable
– is one which affects
or influences the
dependent variable.

34
Constant
✗ is a property or characteristics of a
population or sample, which makes
the member of the group similar to
each other.

35
Thanks!
Any questions?
assessment
If none it’s

time!!!...

36
 Exercise 2

A. Classify the following as quantitative or qualitative data.

_______________1. Color of the eye
_______________2. Number of type writers in the room
_______________3. Civil status
_______________4. Address
_______________5. Age of teachers

B. Identify each of the following as continuous or discrete.

_______________6. Weight of a body
_______________7. Number of possible outcomes rolling a die
_______________8. Number of hairs in your head
_______________9. Number of passenger in a plane
_______________10. Life span of a person

37
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
 Define descriptive inferential statistics and other
terminologies;
 Identify whether a study is descriptive or inferential;
 Differentiate population and sample, parameter and
statistic;
 Identify if a given data is quantitative or qualitative;
 Identify whether a variable is discrete, continuous,
dependent and independent.

38
39
 Scales of
Measurement
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
✗ Identify the four (4) Scales of Measurement;
✗ Differentiate the four (4) Scales of Measurement;
✗ Determine the scale of measurement for the given
data;
✗ Develop patience, enthusiasm and independence;
and
✗ Relate the scale of measurement in their life.

41
Statistics deals mostly with
measurements. We define
measurement as the assignment of
symbols or numerals to objects or
events according to some rules. Since
different rules are used for the
assignment of symbols, then this
would yield different scales of
measurement.
42
1. Nominal Scale
this is the most primitive level of measurements. The
nominal level of measurement is used when we want
to distinguish one object from another for
identification purposes. In this level, we can only say
that one object is different from another, but the
amount of difference between them cannot be
determined. We cannot tell that one is better or worse
than the other. e.i. Gender, nationality, and civil
status

43
2. Ordinal Scale
data are arranged in some specified order or rank. When
objects are measured in this level, we can say that one is
better or greater than the other, but we cannot tell how
much more or how much less of the characteristic one
object has than the other. e. i. ranking in beauty contest,
siblings in the family, honor students in a class

44
3. Interval Scale
we can say not only that one object is greater or less
than another, but we can also specify the amount of
difference. e. i. scores in examination

45
4. Ratio Scale
•it is like the interval level. The only difference is that the
ratio level always starts from an absolute or true zero
point. In addition, in the ratio level, there is always the
presence of units of measure. If the data are measured in
this level, we can say that one object is so many times as
large or as small as the other. e.i. weight

46
Assessment time!
47
 Exercise 3

Identify the scale of measurement for each of

the following:
________1. Religion
________2. temperatures inside a refrigerators
________3. ages of students in classroom
________4. political party
________5. size of t-shirt

48
Summation
Notation
In our study of statistics, we shall be
using mathematical symbols.
These symbols are useful
especially in writing formulas. The
most common symbol or notation
used in statistics is the summation
notation or simply summation.

50
To write the sum of n values or
measurement in simpler way,
the summation notation,
represented by the Greek
capital letter sigma is used.

51
52
😉
✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂
😉😋😒😭👶😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨🎃🎈
🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more...

53