FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
• A feedback system is one in which the output signal is sampled
and then fed back to the input to form an error signal that
drives the system
• Feedback Systems are very useful and widely used in amplifier
circuits, oscillators, process control systems as well as other
types of electronic systems.
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• This basic feedback loop of sensing, controlling
and actuation is the main concept behind a
feedback control system and there are several
good reasons why feedback is applied and used
in electronic circuits:

• Circuit characteristics such as the systems gain and

response can be precisely controlled.
• Circuit characteristics can be made independent of
operating conditions such as supply voltages or
temperature variations.
• Signal distortion due to the non-linear nature of the
components used can be greatly reduced.
• The Frequency Response, Gain and Bandwidth of a
circuit or system can be easily controlled to within tight
limits.
 OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems

Control action is independent of the desired Control action is dependent of the desired
output. output.

Feedback path is not present. Feedback path is present.

These are also called as non-feedback control These are also called as feedback control
systems. systems.

Easy to design. Difficult to design.

These are economical. These are more costly.

Inaccurate. Accurate.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
 CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS

• Series-Shunt Configuration – Voltage in and Voltage

out or Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS).
• Shunt-Shunt Configuration – Current in and Voltage
out or Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS).
• Series-Series Configuration – Voltage in and Current
out or Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS).
• Shunt-Series Configuration – Current in and Current
out or Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS).
SERIES-SHUNT FEEDBACK SYSTEM
SHUNT-SERIES FEEDBACK SYSTEM
SERIES-SERIES FEEDBACK SYSTEM
SHUNT-SHUNT FEEDBACK SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEMS
 CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES

• Desired Response – the idealised instantaneous

behavior that we would like from the system.
• Transient Response – the gradual change in the
system as it approaches its approximation of the
desired response.
• Steady-State Response – the response of the system
once it has finished changing and is now
approximating the desired response.
• Error – the difference between the input and the
output of the system.
• Steady-State Error – the difference between the
steady-state response and the desired response.
 CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES
• Stability – the ability of the system to settle into a
steady-state response.
• Controller – the part of the system that generates
the input to the plant or process being controlled.
• Open-Loop – a system that does not monitor its
output. Open-loop systems can not correct for
disturbances.
• Closed-Loop – a system that monitors its output and
makes corrections to reduce error. By monitoring the
output the system can correct for disturbances.
• Disturbance – a signal that is not modelled or
calibrated in the system leading to corruption of the
expected behavior.
 CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES

• Compensator – a system inserted into the controller

to improve performance.
• Feedback – a path that allows signals from the
output of some sub-system to flow back and affect
the input of some sub-system earlier in the system
signal path.
• Robust – a system that will still work as expected with
changes to the system parameters, as might be
caused by wear of components, or a change in
behavior with temperature.
 CONTROL SYSTEM
•A control system is a device, or set
of devices, that manages,
commands, directs or regulates
the behavior of other devices or
systems.
•Industrial Control Systems are used
in industrial production for
controlling equipment or
machines.
 LINEAR SYSTEM

•A linear control system is a system

that is linear, and is used to control
another system.
•A good example is the
proportional integral derivative
(PID) controllers.
 NONLINEAR SYSTEM

•A control system that does not

have the property of
superposition, that is, one in
which some or all of the
outputs are not linear functions
of the inputs.
 TIME VARIANT SYSTEM
•A system is called Time Variant if
we delay an input before
processing, output will not be
equal to input delayed after
processing.
 TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM

•In a time-invariant system, the

output and input should be
delayed by some time unit.
Any delay provided in the
input must be reflected in the
output for a time invariant
system.
 LINEAR TIME VARIANT
SYSTEM
•Any linear system represented with
the time-dependent operator O(t)
demonstrates different properties
at least at two different time
instances. A system of this type is
called linear time-varying (LTV) or
time-variant.
 LINEAR TIME INVARIANT
SYSTEM
• Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems) are
a class of systems used in signals and systems
that are both linear and time-invariant.
• Linear systems are systems whose outputs for
a linear combination of inputs are the same
as a linear combination of individual
responses to those inputs.
• Time-invariant systems are systems where the
output does not depend on when an input
was applied. These properties make LTI
systems easy to represent and understand
graphically.
TRANSFER FUNCTION
 TRANSFER FUNCTION
• Transfer Function is the ratio of the output of
a system to the input of a system, in the
Laplace domain considering its initial
conditions and equilibrium point to be zero.
This assumption is relaxed for systems
observing transience.
• If we have an input function of X(s), and an
output function Y(s), we define the transfer
function H(s) to be:
 ADVANTAGES OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION
• If transfer function of a system is known, the
response of the system to any input can be
determined very easily.
• A transfer function is a mathematical model and
gives the gain of the system.
• Since it involves the Laplace transform, the terms are
simple algebraic expressions and no differential
terms are present.
• Poles and zeroes of a system can be determined
from the knowledge of the transfer function of the
system.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION
•Transfer function does not take into
account the initial conditions.
•The transfer function can be defined
for linear systems only.
•No inferences can be drawn about the
physical structure of the system.