Newtons Laws

I.
Law of Inertia
II. F=ma
III. Action-Reaction
1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an
object in motion will stay in motion at constant
velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.
3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
So what makes
objects move?
What are forces?
 Definition:  FourBasic Types of
Forces
Describe Newton’s
First Law.
An object at rest will stay at
rest, and an object in motion
will stay in motion at constant
velocity, unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
Inertia is the
tendency of an
object to resist
changes in its
velocity: if it is
resting, it will not
move unless acted
on by an
unbalanced force. What are the forces
like that are acting on
the ball?
 How do we know the forces
are balanced?
 Ball/book are not moving.

 Gravity is pulling down.
 Normal force is pushing
up.
Are there other forces acting

on the ball or the book?
Which of the pictures
show balanced
forces? Why?
 If forces are balanced:
 Acceleration of the object is 0
m/s/s
 Which means:
 Objects at rest will stay at rest

(Velocity = 0, Acceleration = 0)
 Objects in motion will stay in

motion (same velocity: no
change in speed or direction)
Once an object
is moving, the
object would
never stop! It
would not speed
up, slow down
or change
directions unless What are the forces
acted on by
unbalanced like that are acting on
forces! the ball when the
racquet hits it?
 Speed or  Direction
 When there is a change in speed or direction, the

object is accelerating!
In which direction will this box move? Why?
In which direction will this box move? Why?

Net force is the overall force acting on an object.
Vectors can be added or subtracted!
Net Force = 60 N – 60 N Net Force = 60 N – 20N

Net Force = 0 N Net Force = 40 N Left
Result: Object doesn’t accelerate! Result: Object accelerates
to the left
Net force is the overall force acting on an object.
Vectors can be added or subtracted!
Net Force = Net Force =

Net Force = Net Force =
Result: Result:
Why then, do we
observe every day objects
in motion slowing down
and becoming motionless
seemingly without an
outside force?
It’s a force we sometimes cannot
see...
What is the unbalanced force that opposes
the motion of objects?
 There are four main types:

 Sliding friction: ice skating
 Rolling friction: bowling
 Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance
 Static friction: initial friction when moving an object
 In the absence of a force of friction, the
polar bear would continue in motion with the
same speed and direction - forever! (Or at
least to the end of the iceberg.)
 Inertia is a property of matter that describes:
 An object’s tendency to resist a change in

motions.
 More mass = more inertia = more resistance =

more force needed to accelerate
 Less mass = less inertia = less resistance = less

force needed to accelerate
Helmets
The net force of an
object is equal to the
product of its mass and
acceleration, or F=ma.
 When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is
in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N).
 Onenewton is equal to the force required to

accelerate one kilogram of mass at one
meter/second/second.
 How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400
kilogram car 2 m/s/s?
 Write the formula: F=mxa
 Fillin given numbers and units:

 F = 1400 kg x 2 m/s/s
 Solve for the unknown:

 2800 kg-m/s/s or 2800 N
 How much force is needed to accelerate a
2000 kilogram elephant 2 m/s/s?
 Write the formula
 Fill in given numbers and units
 Solve for the unknown

• What conclusions can you make
about the force, mass and
acceleration data?
 Let’s do a round of P.O.E.!
• What do you predict will happen when
Galileo drops the different mass balls?
• What do you predict will happen

when Galileo drops a ball and a
feather?
• What do you predict will happen

when Galileo drops the feather
and ball in the vacuum?
 9.8 m/s/s = acceleration due to gravity
• Describe your observations and

explain your observations.
 We know that objects with different
masses accelerate to the ground at
the same rate.
 We can drop many objects of

different masses and discover that the
acceleration of objects on earth is 9.8
m/s/s!
 However, because of the 2nd Law we

know that they don’t hit the ground
with the same force.
 More mass with same acceleration

means more resulting force.
 1. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1
m/s/s?
 2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling

freely at 9.8 m/s/s?
 3. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force

applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object?
 4. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate

of 2 m/s/s. Determine the mass.
 1. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?
66 kg-m/s/s or 66 N
 2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8

m/sec/sec?
9800 kg-m/s/s or 9800 N
 3. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg

object? 6 kg?
12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s
12N = 6 kg x 2 m/s/s
 4. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 2 m/s2.
Determine the mass.

16 N = 8 kg x 2 m/s/s
For every action, there is
an equal and opposite
reaction.
According to Newton,
whenever object A
and object B interact,
they exert forces on
each other. When you
sit in your chair, your
body exerts a
downward force on
the chair and the
chair exerts an
upward force on your
body.
There are two forces
resulting from this
interaction - a force
on the chair and a
force on your body.
These two forces are
called action and
reaction forces or a
force pair.
Consider the
propulsion of a
fish through the
water or birds
flying. Using
Newton’s Third
Law, how does a
fish swim or bird
fly?
 A fish uses its fins to  The size of the force on
push water the water equals the size
backwards. In turn, of the force on the fish;
the water reacts by the direction of the force
pushing the fish on the water (backwards)
forwards, propelling is opposite the direction
the fish through the of the force on the fish
water. (forwards).
 Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird
flies by use of its wings. The wings of a
bird push air downwards. In turn, the air
reacts by pushing the bird upwards.
 The size of the force on the air equals the
size of the force on the bird; the
direction of the force on the air
(downwards) is opposite the direction of
the force on the bird (upwards).
 Action-reaction force pairs make it
possible for birds to fly.
 Exciting golf ball
video!
 Shooting fruits and
stuff!
 Rockets!
 Newton v. Elephant
Will Newton or the elephant

accelerate more?
F=mx a
F= xam
 Time for demos?

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I.

 Ball/book are not moving.

Are there other forces acting

 Objects at rest will stay at rest

 Objects in motion will stay in

 When there is a change in speed or direction, the

In which direction will this box move? Why?

Vectors can be added or subtracted!

Net Force = 60 N – 60 N Net Force = 60 N – 20N

Vectors can be added or subtracted!

Net Force = Net Force =

 There are four main types:

 An object’s tendency to resist a change in

 More mass = more inertia = more resistance =

 Less mass = less inertia = less resistance = less

 Onenewton is equal to the force required to

 Write the formula: F=mxa

 Fillin given numbers and units:

 Solve for the unknown:

 Write the formula

 Fill in given numbers and units

 Solve for the unknown

• What do you predict will happen

• What do you predict will happen

• Describe your observations and

 We can drop many objects of

 However, because of the 2nd Law we

 More mass with same acceleration

 2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling

 3. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force

 4. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate

 2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8

9800 kg-m/s/s or 9800 N

 3. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg

 4. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 2 m/s2.

Determine the mass.

Will Newton or the elephant

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