(1)BUILDING

Building Technology 1

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 BUILDING

• Allow unimpeded human activity

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 ENCLOSURE
Means of containment and articulation of
habitable space, selected and assembled to
resist and/or control effects of:
• Factors of environment external to such means
of containment and/or factors of the environment
thus contained
• Forces acting upon and forces developing within
such means of containment
While maintaining its internal shape and integrity
under all possible combinations of such factors
and forces.
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 ENCLOSURE
• Solar Radiation
• Rain/Snow
• Wind
• Heat
• Moisture
• Gravity Loads
• Lateral Loads
• Expansion/Contraction

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 ENCLOSURE
• ENCLOSURE = Means of Support +
Envelope +
Elements of Interior

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Means of Support
to maintain any enclosure in the shape intended while resisting all external and
internal forces acting upon such enclosure, and transmitting all such forces to
the ground

• Superimposed
• Internal
• Wind Loads
• Seismic Loads
• Expansion/Contraction

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Envelope
to separate environment internal to the enclosure from that external to it while
acting as barrier and/or selective filter to all external or internal environmental
factors acting upon such envelope

• Solar Radiation
• Moisture: Rain/Snow
• Water Vapor
• Heat Flow
• Sound
• Light/Vision
• Air Movement

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Elements of Interior
to articulate, define, separate, or connect space or spaces within the enclosure
while resisting any environmental factors and/or forces acting upon them, and
transmitting all such forces to means of support

• Ceilings
• Floors
• Partitions
• Means of Circulation/Conveyance

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 SERVICES
Means of maintaining the environment internal to
the means of containment at:
• Comfort and convenience levels acceptable to
the occupants
• Safety levels required by the occupants

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 SERVICES
• Air Conditioning
• Power and Light
• Water Supply
• Waste Disposal
• Safety/Security
• Communications
• Services

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 Forces
Gravity Loads
• Load transferred continuously
• Point transfer of loads – simply supported
• Point transfer of loads outward thrust at supports
• Continuous transfer of loads – outward thrust at
foundation

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 Forces
• Wind/Seismic Loads
Wind Pressure (Positive and Negative)
Deflection/Displacement

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 Forces
• Expansion/Contraction

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 Environmental Factors
• Heat

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 Environmental Factors
• Moisture

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 Environmental Factors
• Sound

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 Environmental Factors
• Fire

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 ENCLOSURE
• ENCLOSURE = Means of Support +
Envelope +
Elements of Interior

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 Means of Support
Columns and Girders
• Solid Web: beams
(structural steel, solid
or laminated wood,
reinforced concrete)
• Open Web (trusses of
various materials –
structural steel, wood)

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 Means of Support
Columns and
Girders/Bearing Walls

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 Means of Support
Curved Girder
• Rigid Frame (pitched or
curved such as trusses
with pitched or curved top
chords supported on
columns)
• Curved in different
configurations, with the
girder and columns being
combined in one element
- arches)

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 Means of Support
Curved Deck
• Curved surface monolithic
deck, structural membrane or
shell
• Curvature (barrel arches,
domes, cones, hyperbolic
paraboloids

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 Means of Support
Point Supported
• Flat monolithic deck (two
way slab – flat plate)
• Flexible membranes
(tensile: nonprestressed)

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 Means of Support
Air Pressure
• Air Supported:
interior is pressurized
to counteract gravity
load
• Air Inflated:
pressurized air
entrapped in
membrane

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 ENCLOSURE
• ENCLOSURE = Means of Support +
Envelope +
Elements of Interior

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 ENVELOPE
Envelope of an enclosure – a continuous air and
watertight barrier to separate the contained
environment from that external to it
Barrier/Envelope – roof assembly /wall assemblies
• Roof and Walls Separate
• Roof and Walls Combined
Envelope may be:
• Flexible fabric membrane functioning as a
complete structure
• Flexible roof assembly and rigid wall assemblies
• Rigid roof and wall assemblies or components
selected to resist/control environmental factors
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 ENVELOPE
• Roof and Walls Separate
• Roof and Walls Combined

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 ENVELOPE
Roofs
• Roofing Deck: decking and framing combined
Means of Support:
 columns
 bearing walls

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 ENVELOPE
Roofs
• Roofing Decking + Framing = Deck
Means of Support:
• girders and columns
• bearing walls

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 ENVELOPE
Roofs
• Roofing Decking + Framing = Deck
Means of Support:
• girders and columns
• bearing walls

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 ENVELOPE
Walls
BEARING WALLS – walls carrying superimposed
gravity loads in addition to their own weight
• Roof Deck
• Floor Deck
• Interior Facing (maybe optional)
• Exterior Facing (maybe optional)
• Foundation/Ground

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 ENVELOPE
Walls
NONBEARING WALLS – walls not carrying
superimposed gravity loads in addition to their
own weight
• Roof Deck
• Floor Deck
• Interior Facing (maybe optional)
• Exterior Facing (maybe optional)
• Foundation/Ground

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 ENVELOPE
Curtain – nonbearing walls secured to and
supported by the structural frame of an
enclosure
Grid Type: vertical and horizontal framing
members supported by floor or roof assemblies
Wall Panel Type: prefabricated panels spanning
between floor and roof or between floors
• Roof Deck
• Optional Interior Facing
• Floor Deck
• Wall Panels
• Grid System: mullions, rails, infill panels
• Foundation/Ground Page 33
 ENVELOPE
Curtain – nonbearing
walls secured to and
supported by the
structural frame of an
enclosure
Grid Type: vertical
and horizontal
framing members
supported by floor or
roof assemblies

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 ENVELOPE
Curtain – nonbearing
walls secured to and
supported by the
structural frame of an
enclosure
Wall Panel Type:
prefabricated panels
spanning between
floor and roof or
between

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 ENVELOPE
Faced Curtain
• Roof Deck
• Optional Interior Facing
• Floor Deck
• Exterior Facing
• Back-up Wall
• Foundation/Ground

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 ENCLOSURE
• ENCLOSURE = Means of Support +
Envelope +
Elements of Interior

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 ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
FLOORS – flat, horizontal surfaces
Floor assemblies commonly include:
• Flooring: resist the effects of traffic over the
surface of the floor deck
• Deck: framing + decking separate or
framing/decking combined
• Flooring
• Deck on Grade

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 ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
FLOORS – flat, horizontal
surfaces
Floor assemblies
commonly include:
• Flooring: resist the effects
of traffic over the surface
of the floor deck
• Deck: framing + decking
separate or
framing/decking combined
• Flooring
• Deck on Grade Page 39
 ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
CEILINGS – nonstructural components of an
enclosure, depending on their support on floor or
roof assemblies
• Visual screens and/or functional separation
between an inhabited space and the underside
of a floor or roof assembly above
• Integral components of floor or roof assemblies

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 ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
PARTITIONS
• Fixed
• Relocatable
• Operable
• Supported on
• Suspended from floor
or roof assemblies

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 ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
MEANS OF CIRCULATION
• Ladders
• Stairs
• Escalators
• Elevators
• Dumbwaiters
• Conveyors
• Moving sidewalks

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 SERVICES
AIR CONDITIONING
• Waste Heat to Atmosphere (cooling tower)
• Exhaust
• Distribution System (supply and return)
• Heating/Cooling/Filtering Equipment

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 SERVICES
WATER/WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• Storm Drainage
• Potable Water Supply (to plumbing fixtures,
equipment, sprinklers)
• Wastewater Disposal

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 SERVICES
POWER/LIGHTING/COMMUNICATIONS
• Lighting System
• Communication System
• Electric Power Service and Distribution System

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 SERVICES
SAFETY/SECURITY SYSTEMS
• Fire Detection
• Fire Extinguishing
• Forced Entry Detection
• Surveillance

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