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Digital Modulation

This document discusses digital modulation techniques. It defines digital modulation as the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two points in a communication system. The carrier is an analog signal while the information is digital. Digital modulation has advantages over analog modulation like ease of processing, ease of multiplexing, and noise immunity. There are two main types of digital communication systems: digital transmission over wires and digital radio systems that transmit digitally modulated signals through airwaves. Common digital modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, and PSK. The document provides examples and explanations of how these techniques work.

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Gillian Amba
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112 views27 pages

Digital Modulation

This document discusses digital modulation techniques. It defines digital modulation as the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two points in a communication system. The carrier is an analog signal while the information is digital. Digital modulation has advantages over analog modulation like ease of processing, ease of multiplexing, and noise immunity. There are two main types of digital communication systems: digital transmission over wires and digital radio systems that transmit digitally modulated signals through airwaves. Common digital modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, and PSK. The document provides examples and explanations of how these techniques work.

Uploaded by

Gillian Amba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL MODULATION

Electronic Communications

Definition: Transmission, reception, and processing of information


with the use of electronic circuits
Information

Definition: Knowledge or intelligence that is communicated (i.e.,


transmitted or received) between two or more points.

Digital modulation - digital radio


- used in wireless communications systems

Definition: Transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals (carriers)


between two or more points in a communications system.

Modulation – always consists of two signals:


1. carrier
2. information
Digital modulation

Carrier – analog signal


Information – digital signal

Advantages over Analog Modulation


1. Ease of processing
2. Ease of multiplexing
3. Noise immunity.

2 Kinds of Digital Communications:


1. Digital Transmission Systems
• Transmit digital pulses along physical wire
2. Digital Radio System
• Transmit digitally modulated signal and use
airwaves or physical medium for transmission
Kinds of Digital Modulation:

1. ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying


2. FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
3. PSK – Phase Shift Keying

Applications for Digital Modulation


(1) low-speed voice-band data communications modems (Computers)
(2) DSL
(3) Microwave and satellite communications
(4) Cellular Phones
TOPIC: INFORMATION CAPACITY, BITS, BIT RATE, BAUD,
AND M-ARY ENCODING

Information theory

Definition: Theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth


to propagate information through electronic
communications systems.

Information capacity

Definition: A measure of how much information can be propagated


through a communications system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.

- Measured in bit – binary digit


- Also known as BIT RATE (no. of bits per second, bps)
1928 - R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed Hartley’s
law

Hartley’s law - relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and


information capacity.
1948 - Claude E. Shannon (also of Bell Telephone Laboratories)
published a paper in the Bell System Technical Journal (Shannon
limit for information capacity

Shannon limit for information capacity – relationship between the


information capacity of a communications channel to bandwidth
and signal-to-noise ratio
Example: For a standard telephone circuit with a signal-to-noise power
ratio of 1000 (30 dB) and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, the Shannon
limit for information capacity is

• This means that 26.9 kbps can be propagated through


a 2.7-kHz communications channel

Or
B = 2.7 kHz
I = 26.9 kbps (bit rate)
M-ary Encoding
M-ary – from the word binary

M - represents a digit that corresponds to:


a. number of conditions
b. number of levels
c. combinations possible for a given number of binary variables
Example:

M = 4 means there are 4 voltage levels that we can use


to represent signals

Example: Given the no. of bits, find the number of conditions

a. N =1, 𝑀 = 2𝑁 = 21 = 2
b. N = 2, 𝑀 = 2𝑁 = 22 = 4
Baud

Definition: Rate of change of a signal on the transmission


medium after encoding and modulation have occurred.

• unit of transmission rate, modulation rate, or symbol rate


• symbols per second

Bit Rate
Definition: Rate of change of a digital information signal, which is
usually binary
Signaling element – also called symbol
- change in amplitude, frequency or phase

Note: a baud may represent more than one information bit

Nyquist bandwidth

𝑓𝑏 = 2𝐵 where fb – data rate


B – Nyquist minimum bandwidth

Using multilevel signaling, meaning more than 1 bit is used


per signaling element:

𝑓𝑏 = 2𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
where 𝑓𝑏 - channel capacity (bps)
B - minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
M - number of discrete signal or voltage
levels
𝑓𝑏
and 𝐵= with 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀

then 𝑓𝑏 N – no. of bits in a


𝐵= signaling element
𝑁

𝑓𝑏
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
𝑁
TOPIC: KINDS OF DIGITAL MODULATION

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)


• binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude of
an analog carrier
• digital amplitude modulation (DAM)

• on-off keying (OOK).

𝐴
𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
2

where
𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 -amplitude shift keying
𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) – digital information (modulating) signal (volts)
𝐴
− unmodulated carrier amplitude (volts)
2
𝑤𝑐 - analog carrier radian frequency (radians per second,
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) – normalized binary waveform where

+1𝑉 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐 1
−1𝑉 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐 0

For 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = +1𝑉
𝐴
𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 1+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
2
𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝐴cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) “ON”

For 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = −1𝑉
𝐴
𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 1−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
2

𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 0 “OFF”
Example:

Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a


10 kbps binary signal using amplitude shift keying.

Solution:

Given: 𝑓𝑏 = 10𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠

Find: baud and bandwidth

For ASK, N = 1

𝑓𝑏 10𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝐵= = = 10𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝑁 1
𝑓𝑏 10𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = = = 10𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
𝑁 1
Characteristics of ASK:

1. Low quality
2. Low cost
3. For very low-speed telemetry circuits
FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING

• binary information signal directly modulates the frequency of


an analog carrier
• binary FSK (BFSK)

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)∆𝑓 𝑡

where
𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 -binary frequency shift keying (FSK) waveform (volts)
𝑉𝑐 – peak analog carrier amplitude (volts)
𝑓𝑐 − analog carrier center frequency (hertz)
∆𝑓 − peak change (shift) in the analog carrier frequency (hertz)
𝑣𝑚 𝑡 − binary input (modulating) signal (volts)
∆𝑓 − proportional to 𝑣𝑚 𝑡
For 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = +1𝑉

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)∆𝑓 𝑡


= 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓 𝑡

For 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = −1𝑉

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 (𝑡)∆𝑓 𝑡


= 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑓 𝑡

𝑓𝑚 - mark, or logic 1 frequency

𝑓𝑠 − space, or logic 0 frequency


𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 ∆𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧)
∆𝑓 =
2
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 - absolute difference between
the mark and space frequencies (hertz)
𝑓𝑏
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
1

𝐵 = 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑏 − 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑏
= 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑚 + 2𝑓𝑏
= 2∆𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑏
=2 ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑏

Where
B - minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
∆𝑓 − frequency deviation 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑚 (hertz)
𝑓𝑏 −input bit rate (bps)
Example:
Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) minimum
bandwidth, and (c) baud for a binary FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 49 kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit
rate of 2 kbps.

Solution:
Given:
𝑓𝑚 = 49 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑠 = 51 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑏 = 2 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠

Find:
a. ∆𝑓
𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑚 51𝑘𝐻𝑧−49𝑘𝐻𝑧
∆𝑓 = = = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧
2 2

𝑏. 𝐵 = 2 ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑏 = 2 1𝑘𝐻𝑧 + 2𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 6𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑏 2𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑐. 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = = = 2 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
1 1
Note: Bessel functions can also be used to determine the approximate
bandwidth for an FSK wave
𝑓𝑏
𝑓𝑎 =
2
where
𝑓𝑎 - highest fundamental frequency of the binary input signal (hertz)
𝑓𝑏 - input bit rate (bps)

∆𝑓
ℎ= (unitless)
𝑓𝑎
where
h - FM modulation index called the h-factor in FSK
∆f - fundamental frequency of the binary modulating signal (hertz)
𝑓𝑎 - peak frequency deviation (hertz)

worst-case modulation index (deviation ratio)


- widest bandwidth
- max. frequency deviation and modulating frequency
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠
2 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠
ℎ= =
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
2
Example:
Using a Bessel table, determine the minimum bandwidth for the
same FSK signal described in Example 1 with a mark frequency of
49 kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit rate of 2
kbps.

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