Instructor Materials

Chapter 7: IP Addressing

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

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 Chapter 7 - Sections & Objectives
 7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
• Convert between binary and decimal numbering systems.
• Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion,
the host portion, and the subnet mask.
• Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast, and
multicast IPv4 addresses.
• Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.
 7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
• Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
• Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
• Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
• Configure global unicast addresses.
• Describe multicast addresses.
 7.3 Connectivity Verification
• Explain how ICMP is used to test network connectivity.
• Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.

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 7.1 IPv4 Network
Addresses

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Binary and Decimal Conversion
 IPv4 Addresses
• consists of a string of 32 bits, divided
into four sections called octets.
• Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte)
separated with a dot.

 Conversion between Binary to

Decimal
• Use the chart to help with conversion

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Address Structure
 Network and Host Portions
 The Subnet Mask
 Logical AND
• What is the network address for
graphics?
 Prefix Length
• What is the prefix length for the
graphics?
 Network, Host, and Broadcast
Addresses
• Network Address?
• Range of Valid Hosts?
• Broadcast Address?

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The Subnet Mask (cont.)
 Comparing the IP Address and the Subnet Mask
 The 1s in the subnet mask identify the network portion while
the 0s identify the host portion.

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ANDing
 Logical AND is the comparison of two bits.
 ANDing between the IP address and the
subnet mask yields the network address.

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The Prefix Length
 Shorthand method of identifying a subnet mask.
 It is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
 Written in “slash notation”, a “/” followed by the number of
bits set to 1.

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
 IPv4 Addressing Assignment to a Host
• Static – Type in manually
• Dynamic - Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)

 IPv4 Communication
• Unicast - send packets from one host to an
individual host
• Broadcast - send packets from one host to
all the hosts in the network
• Multicast - send a packet from one host to a
selected group of hosts in the same or
different network
• Which types of communication are the
graphics on the right?

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• Private addresses are not routed over the Internet
• Private Addresses:
o 10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
o 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

 Special User IPv4 Addresses

• Loopback addresses
o 127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
• Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses
o 169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
• TEST-NET addresses
o 192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255

 Classless Addressing
• CIDR
• Allocated IPv4 addresses based on prefix length
 Assignment of IP Addresses

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Legacy Classful Addressing

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Classless Addressing
 Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced
“cider”).
 Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to
allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A, B, or C address.

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 7.2 IPv6 Network
Addresses

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv4 Issues
 The Need for IPv6
• Depletion of IPv4 address space
• Internet of Everything

 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

• Dual Stack – IPv4 and IPv6 on the
same network
• Tunneling – IPv6 packets inside IPv4
packets
• Translation - IPv6 packet is
translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice
versa.

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Addressing
 IPv6 Address Representation
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x represents 4
hexadecimal values
 Apply the rules to simply these IPv6
Addresses
• Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s
• Rule 2: Omit All 0 Segments
o 2001:0DB8:0000:1133:0000:0000:0000:0200
o 2001:0DB8:CAFE:0000:1111:0000:0000:0200
o 2001:0DB8:000A:0000:0000:0000:0000:1000
o 2001:0DB8:ACAD:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000
o 2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0020:0000:ACAD:0000
o FF02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
o FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003
o 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

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IPv6 Address Representation
Hextets – 4 Hexadecimal digits = 16 binary digits

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IPv6 Address Representation (cont.)

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IPv6 Address Types
There are three types of IPv6 addresses:
 Unicast
 Multicast
 Anycast

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

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IPv6 Prefix Length
 IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation.
 Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format:
o IPv6 address /prefix length
o Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
o Typical prefix length is /64

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IPv6 Network Addresses
Types of IPv6 Addresses
 IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
 IPv6 Prefix Length
• Indicates the network portion
• Format: IPv6 address /prefix length
• Prefix length range from 0 to 128
• Typical length is /64
 Common Types of IPv6 Addresses
• Unicast Addresses
o Unique, Internet routable addresses
o Configured statically or assigned dynamically
• Link-Local Unicast Addresses
o Communicate with other IPv6 enabled devices on the same link
o Device creates its own link local address without DHCP server
• Unique Local Addresses
o Unique local unicast
o Used for local addresses within a site or between a limited number of sites

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast
Address
• Global Routing Prefix
• Subnet ID
• Interface ID
 Static Configuration of a Global
Unicast Address
• ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length
 Dynamic Configuration
• SLAAC
• DHCPv6
 Link-Local Addresses
• Dynamic or Static
 Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration
• show ipv6 interface brief

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IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
• IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8
o FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group
o FF02::2 All-routers multicast group

 Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

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Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

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Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration (cont.)

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 7.3 Connectivity
Verification

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Connectivity Verification
ICMP
 ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
• Host Confirmation
• Destination or Service Unreachable
• Time Exceeded
• Router Redirection
 ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement Messages
• Messaging between an IPv6 router and an
IPv6 device:
o Router Solicitation (RS) message
o Router Advertisement (RA) message
• Messaging between IPv6 devices:
o Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message
o Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message
• Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

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Connectivity Verification
Testing and Verification
 Ping
• Testing the Local Stack
o 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or ::1 (IPv6)
• Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN
• Testing Connectivity to Remote

 Traceroute
• Testing the Path
o Round Trip Time (RTT)
o IPv4 TTL and IPv6 Hop Limit

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Ping – Testing Connectivity to the Local
LAN

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Ping – Testing Connectivity to Remote

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Traceroute – Testing the Path

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 7.4 Chapter Summary

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Chapter Summary
Summary
 Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in a small to medium-sized
business network.
 Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-sized business
networks.
 Use common testing utilities to verify network connectivity.

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