Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings

AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Guided By : Ar. FIROZ ANWAR, Ar. MUSHAHID ANWAR

 Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings

An Introduction …. Aim ….
• Electricity is a secondary energy source, i.e. it comes • The aim of this dissertation is to study the principle, process and
from the conversion of other sources of energy, various elements of electric power distribution used in designing
such as coal, natural gas, oil, wood and nuclear of electrical services for its installation and operation in a
power. residential building.
• The energy sources used to make electricity can be
renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is
Objectives ….
neither. Nor it can be stored. • The objectives will include:-
• The high-voltage transmission systems, which carry • To study various components and their role in electric power
electricity from the power plants and transmit it distribution system.
hundreds of miles away.
• To study how to determine the electrical energy needed for
• And the lower-voltage distribution systems, which particular area.
draw electricity from the transmission lines and • To analyze power requirement of a residential building.
distribute it to individual customers.
• To study method of determining the load of electrical system in
residential building.

1 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 GENERATING STATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF ELECTRICITY

Stages of a Power network

The flow of electrical power from the generating station to the consumer is
called an electrical power system or electrical supply system. It consists of the
following important components :
1. Generating station 2. Transmission network 3. Distribution
Network

1. Primary Transmission
It is basically with the help of overhead transmission lines. For the economic
aspects, the voltage level is increased to 132 KV, 220 KV or more, with the help of
step up transformer. Hence this transmission is also called high voltage
transmission. The primary transmission uses 3 phase 3 wire system.

2. Secondary Transmission

The primary transmission line continues via transmission towers till the receiving
stations. There can be more than one receiving stations. Then at reduced voltage
level of 22 KV or 33 KV, the power is then transmitted to various substations using
overhead 3 phase 3 wire system. This is secondary transmission.

2 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 GENERATING STATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF ELECTRICITY
3. Primary Distribution

At the substation the voltage level is reduced to 6.6 KV, 3.3 KV or 11 KV with
the help of step down transformers. This is primary distribution, also called
high voltage distribution. For the large consumers like factories and industries,
the power is directly transmitted to such loads from a substation.

4. Secondary Distribution

At the local distribution centers, there are step down distribution

transformers. The voltage level of 6.6 KV, 11 KV is further reduced to 400 V
using distribution transformers. Close to consumers the voltage stepped
down to 415 V and 240 V at local secondary distribution substations and
finally delivered to domestic, commercial and small-scale industrial
customers through either lines or underground cables.

Components of Distribution
• Sub station- 22kv to 33kv(reduced to 3.3 KV to 3.6 KV). Then using feeder
• Feeder- connect to substation, No tapping are taken from feeder.
• Distributor – Distribution center to consumers. Tapping taken for the supply to
the consumers
• Service mains- small cable b/w distributor & the actual consumers premises.

3 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Electrical Distribution System
Primary distribution systems

• The primary distribution system is that part of the

electrical distribution system between
the distribution substation
and distribution transformers.

• It is made up of circuits called primary feeder or

distribution feeders. The most commonly used
primary distribution voltages are 11 KV, 6.6 KV &
3.3 KV.

• Primary distribution is carried out by 3- phase, 3-

wire system.

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Electrical Distribution System
Secondary distribution systems

• Secondary distribution system between the primary

feeders and utilization equipment. Consists of step-
down transformers and secondary circuits at
utilization voltage levels.
• Residential secondary systems are generally single-
phase, but commercial and industrial buildings get
three phase.
• In residential and rural areas the nominal supply is a
220 V, single-phase.
• In commercial or industrial areas, where motor loads
are predominant, the common three-phase system
voltages are 220 V and 440 V.
• Secondary voltages occur after the distribution
transformer.

5 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System
• In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building type, dimension, the length of supply
cables, and the loads. The distribution system can be divided in to:-

• The vertical supply system (rising mains).

• The horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level).

SINGLE
GROUPED
RISING
SUPPLY
MAIN
The vertical supply system are implemented in several ways, some of which are :

Vertical Supply system INDIVID-

RISING
• Single rising main UAL
MAIN
• Grouped supply FLOOR
SUPPLY
• Individual floor supply SUPPLY
• Ring main supply
• Double feed supply HORIZON- DOUBLE
• The horizontal supply (Distribution at each floor level) TAL FEED
SUPPLY SUPPLY

6 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Single rising main:-

In this type of system only one main line goes to the upper level and
distribute at each floor respectively. Not very common in practice, generally
used at place where high supply security system is not important.

Advantages

• The different loads on individual floors are balanced out.

• Only a small main L.V. board is required.
• Simple in construction and operation.

Disadvantage

• Low supply security (a fault in the rising mains effect all floors).

7 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Grouped supply-

In this type of system two or more main lines run together and serves
different floors.
Applicable for the high rise buildings.

Advantages
• Easier mounting.
• Smaller size for rising mains.

Disadvantage
• A fault in any rising mains effect several floors (relatively low
Security).
• Loads are balanced only within each group.
• Larger power distribution board.
8 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Individual floor supply:-

In high rise buildings were stories are let separately (metering is at

central point at ground floor).

Advantages
• Smaller size of cables can be used (easy installation).
• In the case of a fault in a rising main, only one story is affected.

Disadvantage
• Different loading of the individual floors cannot be balanced out.
• The rising main must be rated for the peak load of each floor.
• Uneconomical – large number of cables and the size of the rising
main shaft is quite large.
• Large low voltage distribution board with numerous circuits
9 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Ring main supply:-

Advantages
• Higher power supply security (in the event of a fault, it is possible to
switch off the faulty part and leave the majority of the building
operational)
• A small low voltage distribution board is required.
• The differing loading of individual floor are balanced out (smaller sizes
for rising mains)

Disadvantage

10 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Double feed supply:-

In large buildings with relatively large loads at the top floors (lifts, Kitchen,
air-conditioning).

Advantages

• Higher power supply security.

• The differing loading of individual floors are balanced out.
• Smaller L.V. distribution board required.

Disadvantage

11 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 Secondary Distribution System

The horizontal supply (Distribution at each floor level):-

Double feed supply:-

• Normally HV switchgear and substation transformers are

installed at ground floor (or basement).

• However, often there are appliances with large power

demand installed on the top floors (converters and motors
for lifts, air-conditioning equipment and electric kitchens).

• The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and

shape of the building and suitable size of shafts for installing
cables and bus ducts must be provided in coordination with the
building architect.

12 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Power supply
level
11 kV / 415 V Substation Main Load
power transformer distribution panel distribution level
level Socket
outlets
D
B

Washing
Cooker machine
Lighting
Power Final circuits
DB

Lighting Heating
11 kV Lift and
Water pump
Secondary distribution
power station

415 V /240 V Conventional installations

or final circuits in
Distribution boards to residential buildings
Main distribution
board (cubicle) flats or other
building services

Busbar trunking system or cable

Busbar trunking system or cable
Installation with cable system

Distribution in a large scale residential buildings

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
 At all levels of the distribution in buildings solid connections to
various service cables or bus bar trunking systems are established
by main and sub-main distribution boards. These provide;
o easy installation
o easy maintenance and
o safe operation
at every levels of installation systems.

 At main distribution level main distribution boards are used for;  Both distribution boards are equipped with;
o Safety disconnection o Circuit breakers
o Protecting bus bars o Isolators
o MCCBs
 At sub-distribution level, sub-distribution boards are used for: o MCBs
o Safety disconnection for maintenance
o Switching lighting and power loads
o Protecting all electrical cables and bus bars and loads.
o Control, metering and measuring purposes.

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL

Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
THANK YOU