Borang Hirarc

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UNIT KESELAMATAN DAN

KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN
( UKKP )

DR NAILUL MUNA BINTI AHMAD MUSADAD


PEGAWAI PERUBATAN UD44
PENYAKIT BERKAITAN NEEDLE
STICK INJURY
UNIT KESELAMATAN DAN KESIHATAN DR NAILUL MUNA BINTI AHMAD MUSADAD
PEKERJAAN PEGAWAI PERUBATAN UD44
( UKKP )
ARE YOU AT RISK?
What is HIV?

H -uman
Found only in humans
Transmitted among humans
Preventable by humans

I -mmunodefiency
Body lacks ability to fight off infections

V -irus
Type of germ
Lives and reproduces in body cells
3/11/2019 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 5
HIV IS FOUND IN BODY FLUIDS

• Semen

• Breast milk

• Blood

• Vaginal fluid
3/11/2019 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 6
How HIV is passed on?
 During unprotected (skin to skin) sex (anal, vaginal or oral)

 Contact with HIV infected blood or blood products

 Sharing IV drug needles of HIV positive people

 From HIV positive mother to child

 During breast feeding

3/11/2019 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 7


What Is Hepatitis?
• Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver
– Hepat (liver) + itis (inflammation)= Hepatitis
• Viral hepatitis means there is a specific virus that is
causing your liver to inflame (swell or become larger
than normal)
The Liver
• Is located in the upper right quadrant of the
abdomen
Walls of
scar
tissue
begin to Healthy liver cells
form become trapped
by a wall of scar
tissue
Viral Hepatitis
5 types:
A: fecal-oral transmission
B: sexual fluids & blood to blood
C: blood to blood
Vaccine
D: travels with B Preventable
E: fecal–oral transmission
Adapted from Corneil, 2003
Hepatitis C

• Affects each person differently


• No vaccine available
• Many people have the virus and do not
even know it
• Approximately 1 out of 100 Canadians
infected
*BC Hepatitis Service 2003
Natural History of Hep C
20%
Only 20% will Clear the
show symptoms Virus
Initially !

Healthy Acute Chronic


Liver Infection Infection

80% Virus
Continues
to Damage
Liver
Adapted from Lauer and Walker, NEJM 2001
Natural History Con’t

Chronic Cirrhosis Liver


Hepatitis 20-30% Cancer
1-4%/year

Most symptoms begin to show only when liver is more severely damaged
Factors Affecting Progression
• 30yrs or longer if:
• Young at time of infection
• Healthy liver at time of infection
• Female

• 20yrs or less if:


• Drinking alcohol
• Co-infection (HIV, Hep B)
• Damaged liver before infection

Adapted from Bigham, BC Hepatitis Services 2002


Signs and Symptoms
• Individuals may have one or more of the
following symptoms, while others experience
no symptoms:
–Tiredness –Weight loss
–Nausea –Abdominal pain
–Muscle or joint –Itchiness
pain –Depression
–Trouble sleeping –Dark urine (pee)
–Loss of appetite
Signs and Symptoms
• A few may have specific liver related
symptoms initially:
– Pale stool (poo)
– Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
Risk Factors IDU/snorting
(51%)
No RF identified
(23%)

Incarceration (3%)

Transfusion/dialysis
blood contact (4%) HCV-infected household
member/sexual partner
Hospitalization Tattooing (7%)
dental work piercing
(6%) (6%)

Source: Health Canada Enhanced Surveillance, Oct 98-Oct 99, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa
Hepatitis C
Dispelling Myths
• Hepatitis C is not spread by:
– Casual contact
– Hugging/kissing
– Sharing eating utensils and drinking glasses
– Sneezing/coughing
– Shaking hands
– Sitting on a toilet seat
Prevention
• Never share drug equipment
– Straws, bills, needles, syringes, water, filter,
cooker, pipes etc…
• Never share tooth brushes/razors or any
personal hygiene articles that have blood on
them (even tiny amounts).
• Practice safer sex
Prevention
• Always make sure new & sterilized equipment
is being used for tattooing & piercing
– Make sure ink for tattooing is not being shared
• Do not touch dirty needles without proper
equipment or following proper procedures
Dirty Needle Precautions
1. Handle only if you have proper equipment
• Sturdy pair of gloves, tongs or pliers and a puncture proof container
(heavy plastic or metal)
2. Place needle in puncture proof container
• Do not touch needle with bare hands and do not try to recap needle
if cap present
3. Can dispose container in garbage but better if it is
taken to health clinic or needle exchange
4. At school, notify custodian, teacher, nurse or police
liaison officer
Needle Prick
1. Do not “milk” prick site

2. Wash the area with soap and water

3. Go to nearest emergency department for


assessment and treatment
RISKS OFSEROCONVERSIONDUETOSHARPS INJURY
FROM AKNOWN POSITIVE SOURCE

Virus Risk (Range)


HBV 6-30%*
HCV ~ 2%
HIV 0.3%

(*Risk for HBV applies if not HB vaccinated)

11
VACCINE
• If two doses of HBIG are indicated, one dose
should be administered as soon as possible after
exposure and the second dose one month later.
• The option of administering one dose of HBIG
and reinitiating the vaccine series is preferred for
non-responders who did not complete a second
3-dose vaccine series.
• The treated HCW should be followed up and
retested for HBsAg at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6
months.
FLOW CHART
MANAGEMENT
FLOW CHART MANAGEMENT

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