A Seminar On CRYOGENIC Rocket Engine: Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, BBSR

A seminar on CRYOGENIC
ROCKET ENGINE
Guided by:- Presented by :-
Dr. Arun Kumar Parida Lokesh kumar Lenka
Regd.no-1501304074
7th sem,
Mechanical Engg.
GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND MANAGEMENT,BBSR
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. ABOUT CRYOGENIC
4. FUEL
5. COMPONENTS
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE
7. ADVANTAGES
8. DISADVANTAGES
9. APPLICATION
10.CONCLUSION
11.REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
 What is Cryogenic rocket engine?
 What is Cryogenic fuels ?
 Cryogenic Engines are rocket motors.

HISTORY
 Space travel was mainly developed by the Russians and the Americans.
Russian’s were the first to reach into the space.
 A year later Russia which received the contact after the breakup of the
soviet union bashed out of the deal.
 ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on it’s won.
 Solid-fuel rocket engines were the first engines created by man.
 All the current Rockets run on Liquid-propellant rockets.
 At the time ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology had
already been acquired and further development would be quick.
 The first operational cryogenic rocket engine RL10 rocket engine.

ABOUT CRYOGENIC
• In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low
temperature(below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of
materials at those temperatures .
• Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at

extremely low temperatures.
• The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the

highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce large
amounts of thrust.
• Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °

Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius.
CRYOGENIC FUELS
 Cryogenic propellant - the fuel and the oxidizer
 Super cooled gases -temperature lower than the freezing point.
 To store them is difficult task
 Cooling and compressing them into liquids, we can vastly increase their density
and make it possible to store them in large quantities in smaller tanks.
 Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, helium, argon, neon, etc,
 Liquid oxygen being the oxidizer and liquid hydrogen being the fuel.
 Liquid oxygen boils at -183°C and liquid hydrogen boils at -253o C.

LIQUID PROPELLANT
 In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are
stored in separate tanks, and are fed through a system
of pipes, valves, and turbo pumps to a combustion
chamber where they are combined and burned to
produce thrust. Liquid propellant engines are more
complex than their solid propellant counterparts,
however, they offer several advantages. By controlling
the flow of propellant to the combustion chamber, the
engine can be throttled, stopped, or restarted.
Cont…
COMPONENTS OF CRYOGENIC
ROCKET ENGINE
 Thrust chamber or combustion chamber
 Igniter
 Fuel injector
 Fuel turbo-pumps
 Valves
 Regulators
 Fuel tanks
 Rocket engine
 Nozzle
Among them, the combustion chamber & the nozzle are the
main components of the rocket engine.
WORKING PRINCIPAL
• It involves a complicated ‘staged combustion cycle' to increase
the engine efficiency.
• Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas generator.
The hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then injected at high
pressure into the thrust chamber where the rest of oxygen is
introduced and full combustion takes place.
• Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid
hydrogen is used to cool the thrust chamber where temperatures
rise to over 3,0000 ° Celsius when the engine is fired.
ROCKET ENGINE POWER
CYCLES
Fig:-1.1 Gas Pressure Feed System

Fig:-1.2 Gas-Generator Cycle
Cont…
Fig :-1.3 Staged Combustion Cycle
COMBUSTION IN THRUST CHAMBER
Injector Plate
Fig-1 Fig-2
Testing Of Cryogenic
Rocket Engine
VULCAIN ENGINE
RL 10 Cryogenic CE 20 Cryogenic
Engine Engine
ADVANTAGES
 High Energy per unit mass:
Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give
very high amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the
amount of fuel to be carried aboard the rockets decreases.
 Clean Fuels
Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When
they combine, they give out only water. This water is
thrown out of the nozzle in form of very hot vapour. Thus
the rocket is nothing but a high burning steam engine
 Economical
Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very
economical, as liquid oxygen costs less than gasoline.
DISADVANTAGES
 Highly reactive gases
 Cryogens are highly concentrated gases and have a very high reactivity.
Liquid oxygen, which is used as an oxidizer, combines with most of the
organic materials to form explosive compounds. So lots of care must be
taken to ensure safety.
 Leakage
 One of the most major concerns is leakage. At cryogenic temperatures,
which are roughly below 150 degrees Kelvin or equivalently (-190oF).
 Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Due to cryogenic propellants, various significant thermal stresses are
introduced into the launch vehicle. These stresses can damage the
structural integrity.
 Zero Gravity conditions
 The cryogenic propellants certainly have their own disadvantages. But their
advantages outweigh the disadvantages by far. Thus they are preferred for
use in rockets.
 The next liquid propellant is hypergolic propellant.
APPLICATION
 Developments in the field of Rocket Engineering.
 Cryo propelled rocket engines are having a great demand

in the field of space exploration.
 Can be used for orbital insertion, orbital transfer,

orbital and interplanetary application.
CONCLUSION
• The area of Cryogenics in Cryogenic Rocket Engines is a
vast one.
• Developments in the field of Rocket Engineering.
• Cryo propelled rocket engines are having a great demand

in the field of space exploration.
• Due to the high specific impulse obtained during the

ignition of fuels they are of much demand.
REFERENCES
 Cryogenic Technology Development for Exploration
Missions by David J. Chato
 Challenges in Cryogen Development Present & Future
by N. K. Gupta
 Cryogenic engines,www.astronautix.com
 www.ijpret.com
 www.isro.com
 www.gslv.com
 www.cre.com
THANK YOU

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A seminar on CRYOGENIC

GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 What is Cryogenic fuels ?

 Cryogenic Engines are rocket motors.

 Solid-fuel rocket engines were the first engines created by man.

 All the current Rockets run on Liquid-propellant rockets.

 The first operational cryogenic rocket engine RL10 rocket engine.

• Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at

• The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the

• Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °

 Super cooled gases -temperature lower than the freezing point.

 To store them is difficult task

 Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, helium, argon, neon, etc,

 Liquid oxygen boils at -183°C and liquid hydrogen boils at -253o C.

Fig:-1.1 Gas Pressure Feed System

 Cryo propelled rocket engines are having a great demand

 Can be used for orbital insertion, orbital transfer,

• Developments in the field of Rocket Engineering.

• Cryo propelled rocket engines are having a great demand

• Due to the high specific impulse obtained during the

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