001proposalanjula Micro

Pre Ph.
D Presentation on
ROLE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL BIO-
DIVERSITY IN RESTORATION OF SOIL FERTILITY OF
SEMI ARID LAND IN BUNDELKHAND REGION
Anjula Gupta
Research Scholar
Department of Microbiology Bundelkhand University,
Jhansi, India (U.P.)
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Objectives
5. Limitations
6. Significance of the study
7. Methodology
8. Work plan
9. Future prospects
10. References
INTRODUCTION
• Mycorrhizal Means “fungus root”

• Fungi live in close association with plant roots.
• May live on the root external surface of roots (ectomycorrhizal)
• Fungal hyphae may invade root cells (endomycorrhizal)
Root cells Fungal Hyphae

Vesicle- food storage
Arbscule-ex changes nutrients with plant
Fig1:[ Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] smith & read (2008)
Soil structure benefit
• The AM fungal hyphae produce a glycoprotein called ‘Glomalin’ is involved in soil aggregation
• The discovery of glomalin was reported by Upadhyaya et al (1996), which are accumulated in soil (Rillig
et al., 2001).
• Mycorrhizal fungi present • Mycorrhizal fungi absent

Soil structure stabilized and strengthened Soil structure is weak
• Structure is maintained when immerse in water • Structure is not maintained when immersed in water
Fig2:- Wright, Sara F., and Abha Upadhyaya. "Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and
comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Soil science161.9 (1996): 575-586.
AM Symbiosis
• 80% of land plants have symbiosis with
Glomeromycotina
• Essential ecosystem support in tropical
Plants
• Approx 400-450 million years old
Fig 3:- Arbuscular mycorrhiza –’The most important symbiosis on Earth

[ Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Contd..
-AM +AM
P, other mineral nutrients, water
AM Fungus Plant
Organic C
Fig 4:- Arbuscular Mycorrhiza improves plant performance
source:- Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. (2008) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London, UK.
Contd..
Fig 5:- Mechanisms by which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may influence agroecosystem (a). (1) Common mycelial
network transmits signal, altering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in neighbouring plants, repelling herbivores and attracting parasitoids (blue
arrows), (2) AMF induce VOCs, repelling herbivores (yellow arrows), and (3) AMF elicit systemic plant defence priming (red arrows). (b) AMF
may increase visitation of pollinating insects by increasing flower number, flower size or nectar production. (c) Rhizosphere soil in proximity to a
plant colonised by AMF (right) may show higher water retention (blue), organic carbon input and sequestration (black), as well as greater soil
aggregate stability (brown). (d) AMF may facilitate plant mineral nutrient uptake (e.g. P, N) and reduce heavy metal assimilation (e.g. Cu, As, Cr).
Source :-[ Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Contd…
Fig. 6:- Mycorrhizal and direct (non-mycorrhizal) P uptake pathways. In mycorrhizal roots, the P-depletion zone is
extended by extraradical fungal hyphae beyond that of the non-mycorrhizal root and root hairs. Additionally mycorrhizal
fungal hyphae translocate P into the root where it is transferred to plant cells across arbuscules and then assimilated into
plant tissues.
Source:-Smith, F.A. & Smith, S.E. (2011a) What is the significance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of many economically
important crop plants? Plant and Soil, 348,63–79.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Published research findings from the past 3 years, identifying benefits/drawbacks of using AMF in agricultural crop plants, at the
scale of the individual plant or the wider agroecosystem, either measured or implied. Entries marked with an asterisk (*) represent
meta-analyses of papers
SOURCE:- Thirkell, Thomas J., et al. "Are mycorrhizal

fungi our sustainable saviours? Considerations for
achieving food security." Journal of Ecology 105.4
(2017): 921-929.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“ROLE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL BIO-DIVERSITY IN RESTORATION OF SOIL

FERTILITY OF SEMI ARID LAND IN BUNDELKHAND REGION”
• The indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers causes environmental pollution and

contamination of the soil making the crop more prone to disease and reduces the soil
fertility.
OBJECTIVES
• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in inhancing soil microbiological properties.

• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in inhancing soil physicochemical properties
• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in the solublization of nutrients.
• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in inhancing the productivity of selected test crops
• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in inhancing the over all restoration of soil health in
semi arid region
LIMITATIONS
The limitations of work are-
• The arbuscular mycorrhizal association with plant is confined to physiochemical and biological properties of
agricultural land of Jhansi region.
• The experimentation will be restricted only on selected arbuscular mycorrhizae fungal species and selected
host plant species
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• The long term use of AM biofertilizer is economical, ecofriendly, more efficient and productive in providing
natural fertility to the soil.
• Arbuscular Mycorrhiza are very effective for increasing the available P in soil as well as the growth
plant. So, exploitation of AM fungi as biofertilizer has enormous potential for making use of unavailable
fixed P in the soil and use natural reserves of phosphate rock. The study will establish the potential of
efficient indigenous AM isolate as a reliable alternative in low capital agriculture.
• The study will help other researchers or farmers interested in production of the biofertilizers to be
effective over wide range of crops
METHODOLOGY
Soils Sample
(From cultivated land)
Data analysis of field collected the sample Analysis of soil sample

(Species ,richness, abundance, Frequency analysis) (pH organic C, Nitrogen, Heavy metals)
(Single spore culture of predominant VAM species)
Studies on VAM inoculated plants grown in pot trial
Morphological Biochemical Histochemical

Studies Studies Studies
• Plant Height • Starch • Protein
• Root-Shoot Length • Total phend • Polysaccharides
• F & D weight • Sugar • Succinate dehydrogenase
• Fruits Size • Chlorophyll • Alkaine phosphatase
• Fruits weight • Phosphorus • Peroxidase
• Glomalin
ROAD MAP OF STUDY
1-24 Month 1-3 Month 1-24 Month 1-24 Month 1-24 Month 1-24 Month
Review Sample Identification Wet Work(I) Wet Work(II) Documentation

Literature collection AM Fungi Pot trial Pot trial
Study of Morphological Biochemical/
Histochemical
YEAR WISE WORK PLAN (BAR CHART)
FUTURE PROSPECTS
• At present Scenario use of biofertilizer is still considered as a supplement not a substitute for maximizing the
agro-system stability
• After studying the morphological, biochemical and histochemical parameters in arbuscular mycorrhiza infected
plants, in this study we will investigate the importance of AM in restoration and reestablishment of agriculture
land in jhansi.
REFERENCES
1. Smith, F.A., Grace, E.J. & Smith, S.E. (2009) More than a carbon economy: nutrient trade and ecological sustainability in facultative
arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytologist, 182, 347–358.
2. Wright, Sara F., and Abha Upadhyaya. "Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Soil science161.9 (1996): 575-586.
3. Rillig, Matthias C. "Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84.4 (2004): 355-363.
4. Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R. et al. (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327, 812–818.
5. Field, K.J., Rimington, W.R., Bidartondo, M.I., Allinson, K.E., Beerling, D.J., Cameron, D.D., Duckett, J.G., Leake, J.R. & Pressel, S. (2015)
First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to
simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist, 205, 743–756.
6. Spatafora, J.W., Chang, Y., Benny, G.L. et al. (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale
data. Mycologia, 108, 1028–1046.
7. Ames, R.N., Reid, C.P.P., Porter, L.K. & Cambardella, C. (1983) Hyphal uptake and transport of nitrogen from 2N-15-labeled sources by
Glomus-mosseae, a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytologist, 95, 381396.
8. Liu, A., Hamel, C., Hamilton, R.I., Ma, B.L. & Smith, D.L. (2000) Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.)
grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels. Mycorrhiza, 9, 331–336.
9. Sato, T., Ezawa, T., Cheng, W.G. & Tawaraya, K. (2015) Release of acid phosphatase from extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungus Rhizophagus clarus. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61, 269–274.
10. Schussler, A., Schwarzott, D. & Walker, C. (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological
Research, 105, 1413–1421.
11. Bender, S.F., Wagg, C. & van der Heijden, M.G.A. (2016) An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for
agricultural sustainability. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31, 440–452.
12. Berruti, A., Lumini, E., Balestrini, R. & Bianciotto, V. (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as natural biofertilizers: let’s benefit from past
successes. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1559.
13. Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson, G.W.T. & Cox, T.S. (1992) Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat-varieties, landraces, and ancestors.
Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 70, 2032–2040
14. Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. (2008) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London, UK.
15. Smith, F.A. & Smith, S.E. (2011a) What is the significance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of many economically important
crop plants? Plant and Soil, 348,63–79.
16. Smith, F.A., Grace, E.J. & Smith, S.E. (2009) More than a carbon economy: nutrient trade and ecological sustainability in facultative
arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytologist, 182, 347–358.
17. Field, K.J., Cameron, D.D., Leake, J.R., Tille, S., Bidartondo, M.I. & Beerling, D.J. (2012) Contrasting arbuscular mycorrhizal responses of
vascular and non-vascular plants to a simulated Palaeozoic CO2 decline. Nature Communications, 3, 835.
18. Bender, S.F., Wagg, C. & van der Heijden, M.G.A. (2016) An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for
agricultural sustainability. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31, 440–452.
19. Li, X.X., Zeng, R.S. & Liao, H. (2016) Improving crop nutrient efficiency through root architecture modifications. Journal of Integrative
Plant Biology, 58, 193–202.
20. wileyonlinelibrary.com.

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Pre Ph.

ROLE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL BIO-

DIVERSITY IN RESTORATION OF SOIL FERTILITY OF

SEMI ARID LAND IN BUNDELKHAND REGION

3. Statement of the Problem

6. Significance of the study

• Mycorrhizal Means “fungus root”

Root cells Fungal Hyphae

• Mycorrhizal fungi present • Mycorrhizal fungi absent

Fig 3:- Arbuscular mycorrhiza –’The most important symbiosis on Earth

P, other mineral nutrients, water

SOURCE:- Thirkell, Thomas J., et al. "Are mycorrhizal

“ROLE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL BIO-DIVERSITY IN RESTORATION OF SOIL

• The indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers causes environmental pollution and

• To study the role of AM fungi biodiversity in inhancing soil microbiological properties.

Data analysis of field collected the sample Analysis of soil sample

Studies on VAM inoculated plants grown in pot trial

Morphological Biochemical Histochemical

Review Sample Identification Wet Work(I) Wet Work(II) Documentation

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