Intro.

To Social Networks

OSI Model & N/w Types

 OSI Model
Defines and it is used to understand
? how data transferred from one device to
another device.

? How communication will be possible in

between different devices.
Tohave a successful communication in
between networks or devices or architecture

7- layer OSI model was introduced

by ISO in 1984.
DP
N S

APPLICATION
LAYER
PRESENTATION
LAYER
A
TRANSPORT
LAYER

SESSION LAYER

T NETWORK LAYER

DATA LINK
LAYER

Physical
APPLICATION LAYER
APPLICATION
LAYER
Include protocols that are needed by
the network applications to work correctly.
e.g.: FTP,SMTP,HTTP,DNS..,
- But not of computer applications like
chrome,firefox..,
 Chrome
• Use application layer protocols like HTTP &
HTTPs to perform web surfing.

• All these protocols collectively form an

application layer &
• provide a basis for various n/w services like..

Protocols: HTTP/HTTPs FTP SMTP

n/w services: Web Surfing File Transfer emails

 This layer provides services for n/w
applications with the help of protocols to
perform user activities. Protocols services

services perform
Web
Application Layer n/w applications user activities
T TP surfing
H
FTP File
SM transfer
TP
email
 PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION
LAYER

PRESENTATION
LAYER

Receives data from the application

layer.

• Data is in the form of characters & numbers.

• This layer converts the data into m/c
understandable format.
abcdef
123456

Translation
100101

Compression
1001
• Reduces the no. of bits to represent the
original data.
-data compression

• Thereby ,achieving the data transmission so

faster.
-due to min. space
Italso provides Integrity with the help of
Encryption & Decryption through SSL.
Presentation Layer provides the function such
as..
Translation,
Compression&
Integrity
Protocols are of SSL , MIME(multipurpose
internet mail extension)..,
SESSION LAYER
APPLICATION
LAYER
PRESENTATION
LAYER

SESSION LAYER

helps in setting up ,
managing &
termination of connections
that enables sending & receiving of data.
• NETBIOS an e.g. of APIs
allows applications on different
computers to communicate.

• Before the session gets established, it performs

Authentication i.e.,
who u r? through user name & password
• After authentication, it performs authorization.
-whether u have a permission to access a
file.

• It also keep track of files that are being

downloaded i.e.,
which data packet belongs to which file either
text or image & tracks where received packet
to go.
-This process is said to be as session
management.
 session layer helps or perform the functions
such as..
authentication,
authorization&
session management.
The protocol used here is x.225 (recover
connection)
 APPLICATION
LAYER
PRESENTATION
LAYER

SESSION LAYER

Web Browser performs all functions

of these three layers.
TRANSPORT LAYER
TRANSPORT
LAYER

Helps to control the reliability of

communication through
Segmentation,
Error control&
Flow control.
• Segmentation:
Data received from session layer divided
into small data units called as segments
Session layer

data

Transport Layer

Port Seq
no no
Port no: To communicate or to get connected
with the correct/specified application.
eg: http port no:80

Sequence no. helps to reassemble the

segments.
•Flow
control:
A group of bits added to each segment called
as checksum to find the received data.

Protocols used here are of TCP & UDP

TCP : Connection oriented

UDP:Connectionless
• UDP is faster than TCP b’coz it doesn’t provide
a feedback.

UDP TCP
Online
streaming movies, WWW,
FTP..,
games,
TFTP,DNS..,
 Transport layer provide functions such as..
segmentation,
flow control&
error control.

The protocols used are of TCP & UDP.

NETWORK LAYER
NETWORK
LAYER
PACKETS
NETWORK NETWORK
1 2
• N/w layer helps in transmission of received
segments from one pc to another pc located in
different n/w’s.

• The data units in network layer is called

Packets.
• The functions of this layer are of: Routing,
Logical Addressing&
Path Determination.

• IP addressing done in n/w layer is said to be as

Logical Addressing.
1.Logical Addressing:
Every computer in a n/w has an unique IP
address.
- n/w layer assigns sender & receiver IP
address to each segment to form an IP Packet.
IP Packet

segment
IP1 IP2
1.Routing:
A method of moving packets from
source to destination.

-based on Logical Addressing(IPV4&mask)

1.Path Determination:
method for choosing the best possible path
in between sender & receiver.

-Uses routing algorithms.

The functions of this layer are of: Routing,
Logical Addressing&
Path Determination.

uses protocols like OSPF,BGP..,

DATA LINK LAYER
DATA LINK
LAYER

The addressing done in this layer is

said to be as Physical Addressing.

IP1 IP2 segment

IP Packet
 Mac 1 Mac 2 IP1 IP2 segment tail

frame

-Data units in this layer is said to be as Frames.

 MAC address is of 12 digit alphanumeric no.
eg.,62.34.DF.3A.87.99
embedded in NIC of the computer.

DLL is embedded as a s/w in NIC, provide data

transmission from one pc to another through a
local media.
• The local media includes copper wire, optical
fiber, air..,

• It performs two basic functions: Framing&

media access control
 DLL provides access to media for higher layers
of OSI through the technique called Framing.

Also controls how data placed & received from

the media with the technique Media access
control.
• Uses CSMA, to avoid collision of data.
-each frame contains bits, that are used
to detect errors occurred in received frame.

-errors due to certain limitations of the

media used.
 The functions of this layer are of:
Framing&
media access control

 the protocols are of:

PHYSICAL LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

Converts the bits in the form of signals

that transmit over local media.

Signals: electrical Light Radio

Media: copper cable or LAN optical Air
Signal generated by physical layer depends on
type of media used to connect two devices.

OSI model helps in transfer of data in between

distant hosts.
 hi hi

hi
segment

Destination
Source IP IP segment
Packet

Destination
Source MAC Tail
Packet
frame
000110000000001000000000
MAC

Signals bits
Network is a collection of two or more
computers that share information with each
other.

N/w’s are categorized based on their

size,
capability&
geographical
distance
The types of n/w are of:
1.PAN
2.LAN
3.WLAN
4.MAN
5.WAN
6.SAN
Personnel Area Network:

 it is a type of n/w used for personnel work.

A small n/w used for connecting devices such

as smart phones, tablets & laptops through
wired or wireless.
Wired : USB cable
Wireless: Bluetooth, IR & NFC

Used for transferring small files.

The n/w range will be of < 10m

Local Area Network:
A group of devices located at a same place like
as in home or office..,

Basic type of LAN is Ethernet.

The n/w range will be of 10-1000 m

Ethernet ,wifi.
Wireless Local Area Network:
Is a Local Area Network that uses wireless
communication instead of wired
communication.

Wi-fi
WLAN is a LAN without using cables.
Metropolitan Area Network:

The n/w spans over several buildings in a city.

Connected with each other by high speed

connection such as fiber optic cable.
The n/w range will be of 50-100 km

Cable tv n/w
Storage Area Network:
A high-speed n/w that stores & provide access
to large amount of data.

It is a type of n/w used for data storage.

Consists of disk arrays, servers & switches

This type of n/w is not affected by n/w traffic
like as in LAN

It is a n/w of itself.

Wide Area Network:
It is a largest type of n/w with multiple
LANs,MANs..

Spans over a large geographical area such as

continent or country..,
 internet

The n/w range will be of >1000km