Subqueries allow queries to be nested within other queries. They return a single value, multiple values, or rows that are then used by the outer query. Common uses include comparing a value to the results of a subquery or filtering rows based on the results of a subquery. Subqueries must return a single row when used with single-row operators like = but can return multiple rows with multiple-row operators like IN, ANY, or ALL.
Subqueries allow queries to be nested within other queries. They return a single value, multiple values, or rows that are then used by the outer query. Common uses include comparing a value to the results of a subquery or filtering rows based on the results of a subquery. Subqueries must return a single row when used with single-row operators like = but can return multiple rows with multiple-row operators like IN, ANY, or ALL.
Subqueries allow queries to be nested within other queries. They return a single value, multiple values, or rows that are then used by the outer query. Common uses include comparing a value to the results of a subquery or filtering rows based on the results of a subquery. Subqueries must return a single row when used with single-row operators like = but can return multiple rows with multiple-row operators like IN, ANY, or ALL.
Subqueries allow queries to be nested within other queries. They return a single value, multiple values, or rows that are then used by the outer query. Common uses include comparing a value to the results of a subquery or filtering rows based on the results of a subquery. Subqueries must return a single row when used with single-row operators like = but can return multiple rows with multiple-row operators like IN, ANY, or ALL.
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11
Subqueries Objectives
After completing this lesson, you
should be able to do the following: Describe the types of problems that subqueries can solve Define subqueries
List the types of subqueries
Write single-row and multiple-row
subqueries Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem “Who has a salary greater than Jones’?” Main Query
“Which employees have a salary greater
? than Jones’ salary?”
Subquery
? “What is Jones’ salary?” Subqueries SELECT select_list FROM table WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list FROM table);
The subquery (inner query) executes once
before the main query. The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). Subqueries A subquery is a SELECT statement that is embedded in a clause of another SELECT statement. They can be very useful when you need to select rows from a table with a condition that depends on the data in the table itself. You can place the subquery in a number of SQL clauses: WHERE clause HAVING clause FROM clause Using a Subquery SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 2975 3 WHERE sal > 4 (SELECT sal 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno=7566);
In the example, the inner query determines the salary of employee 7566. The outer query takes the result of the inner query and uses this result to display all the employees who earn more than this amount.
ENAME ---------- KING FORD SCOTT Guidelines for Using Subqueries Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison operator. Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. Use multiple-row operators with multiple- row subqueries. Types of Subqueries Single-row subquery : Queries that return only one row from the inner SELECT statement Main query returns Subquery CLERK • Multiple-row subquery Queries that return more than one row from the inner SELECT statement Main query returnsCLERK Subquery MANAGER • Multiple-column subqueryQueries that return more than one column from the inner SELECT statement Main query returns CLERK 7900 Subquery MANAGER 7698 Single-Row Subqueries Return only one row Use single-row comparison operators
Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
Display the employees whose job title is the same as that of employee 7369. SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno = 7369);
ENAME JOB ---------- --------- JAMES CLERK SMITH CLERK ADAMS CLERK MILLER CLERK Executing Single-Row Subqueries The example on the slide displays employees whose job title is the same as that of employee 7369 and whose salary is greater than that of employee 7876.
SQL> SELECT ename, job
2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = CLERK 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno = 7369) 7 AND sal > 1100 8 (SELECT sal 9 FROM emp 10 WHERE empno = 7876);
ENAME JOB ---------- --------- MILLER CLERK Using Group Functions in a Subquery Display the employee name, job title, and salary of all employees whose salary is equal to the minimum salary.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal
800 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp);
ENAME JOB SAL
---------- --------- --------- SMITH CLERK 800 HAVING Clause with Subqueries The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. The SQL statement on the slide displays all the departments that have a minimum salary greater than that of department 20.
SQL> SELECT deptno, MIN(sal)
2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno 800 4 HAVING MIN(sal) > 5 (SELECT MIN(sal) 6 FROM emp 7 WHERE deptno = 20); What Is Wrong with This Statement? SQL> SELECT empno, ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp 6 GROUP BY deptno);
ERROR: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row
no rows selected Errors with Subqueries One common error with subqueries is more than one row returned for a single-row subquery. In the SQL statement on the slide, the subquery contains a GROUP BY (deptno) clause, which implies that the subquery will return multiple rows, one for each group it finds. In this case, the result of the subquery will be 800, 1300, and 950. The outer query takes the results of the subquery (800, 950, 1300) and uses these results in its WHERE clause. The WHERE clause contains an equal (=) operator, a single-row comparison operator expecting only one value. The = operator cannot accept more than one value from the subquery and hence generates the error. To correct this error, change the = operator to IN. Will This Statement Work? SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE ename='SMYTHE');
no rows selected Problems with Subqueries A common problem with subqueries is no rows being returned by the inner query. In the SQL statement on the slide, the subquery contains a WHERE (ename='SMYTHE') clause. Presumably, the intention is to find the employee whose name is Smythe. The statement seems to be correct but selects no rows when executed. The problem is that Smythe is misspelled. There is no employee named Smythe. So the subquery returns no rows. The outer query takes the results of the subquery (null) and uses these results in its WHERE clause. The outer query finds no employee with a job title equal to null and so returns no rows. Multiple-Row Subqueries Return more than one row Use multiple-row comparison operators
Operator Meaning
IN Equal to any member in the list
ANY Compare value to each value returned by
the subquery
Compare value to every value returned by
ALL the subquery Using ANY Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries Display the employees whose salary is less than any clerk and who are not clerks. SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job 1300 2 FROM emp 1100 800 3 WHERE sal < ANY 950 4 (SELECT sal 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE job = 'CLERK') 7 AND job <> 'CLERK';
EMPNO ENAME JOB
--------- ---------- --------- 7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7521 WARD SALESMAN
<ANY means less than the maximum. >ANY means more
than the minimum. =ANY is equivalent to IN. Using ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries Display the employees whose salary is greater than the average salaries of all the departments. SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job 1566.6667 2 FROM emp 2175 2916.6667 3 WHERE sal > ALL 4 (SELECT avg(sal) 5 FROM emp 6 GROUP BY deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB
--------- ---------- --------- 7839 KING PRESIDENT 7566 JONES MANAGER 7902 FORD ANALYST 7788 SCOTT ANALYST >ALL means more than the maximum and <ALL means less than the minimum.The NOT operator can be used with IN, ANY, and ALL operators. Summary Subqueries are useful when a query is based on unknown values. SELECT select_list FROM table WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list FROM table);
