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19 Navigation Compass

This document provides an overview of various navigation instruments, including: 1) Flux gate magnetic compasses use coils and a magnetic core to sense changes in the Earth's magnetic field and calculate magnetic direction. Ring laser gyrocompasses use laser beams in a fiber optic ring to measure turns and determine direction. 2) GPS and DGPS compasses use satellite signals to determine position and direction. 3) Other instruments measure direction using bearing circles, azimuth circles, telescopic alidades, peloruses, and hand bearing compasses. Distance is measured using radars, stadimeters, logs, and echo sounders. Speed can be measured using chip logs, pitot-static logs, impeller logs

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Daniel England
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296 views38 pages

19 Navigation Compass

This document provides an overview of various navigation instruments, including: 1) Flux gate magnetic compasses use coils and a magnetic core to sense changes in the Earth's magnetic field and calculate magnetic direction. Ring laser gyrocompasses use laser beams in a fiber optic ring to measure turns and determine direction. 2) GPS and DGPS compasses use satellite signals to determine position and direction. 3) Other instruments measure direction using bearing circles, azimuth circles, telescopic alidades, peloruses, and hand bearing compasses. Distance is measured using radars, stadimeters, logs, and echo sounders. Speed can be measured using chip logs, pitot-static logs, impeller logs

Uploaded by

Daniel England
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Navigation

NAU 102
Lesson 19
New Advances

Flux Gate Magnetic Compass

Ring Laser Gyrocompasss

GPS Compass & DGPS Compass


Flux Gate Compass

Two harmonic coils wrapped around a


magnetic core.
Earth’s magnetic field changes the core’s
magnetic induction.
The coils sense the changes.

Electronics calculate the magnetic field


necessary to cause the change.
Flux Gate Compass
Flux Gate Compass

To minimize deviation, the sensor is


placed at the top of the mast.
Residual deviation is automatically
calculated as the ship changes course 360°.
It makes its own deviation table!

Deviation is automatically applied.


Flux Gate Compass

Operator can input the variation.

Resulting true direction is


sent to digital equipment.
Ring Laser Gyrocompass

Two laser beams travel in opposite


directions around a fiber-optic ring.
When the compass (the ship) isn’t
turning, the beams are in phase.
When the compass turns, the beams are
out of phase.
The quicker the turn, the larger the phase
differences.
Ring Laser Gyrocompass
GPS Compass
Piloting Instruments
Tools to measure:
Direction
Distance
Speed

Depth
Direction
Bearing Circle
Placed on top of gyro
repeater or magnetic
compass.
Peep vane and far vane
(wire) are lined up with
object of interest.
Compass card is reflected by mirror.
Direction
Azimuth Circle

A bearing circle with


attachments for
celestial observations.
Azimuth = bearing of
a celestial object.
Direction

Telescopic Alidade

A bearing circle
with a telescope
attached.
Object is magnified,
enabling greater
precision, especially
at long range.
Direction

Pelorus
A “dumb compass”
A rotating compass card on a fixed stand.
Set to ship’s heading then bearing is taken.

Heading set to 0 = relative bearings


Actual heading set = true bearings
Direction

Hand Bearing
Compass
Handheld magnetic
compass.
Used on small
vessels.
Configured for ease
of taking bearings.
Direction

Taking a
bearing
Distance

Radar

A radio wave is
transmitted and returns
as an echo. Time
interval between
transmission and
return is converted
into a physical range.
Distance
Stadimeter
Distance
Measures angles between objects.
If separation or height is known, distance can
be calculated.
Distance

Distance = height of object / tan (angle)


Speed

Can measure:
Speed Over Ground (SOG)
Speed relative to the fixed earth.

Speed Through Water


Relative to water around the vessel.
Speed
Chip Log
Wood attached to a
knotted line.
Thrown behind the
vessel
Knots counted for a
set time period.
Speed through the water
Speed
Pitot-static Log
Retractable “Pit Sword”
hangs below vessel.
Measures speed by
pressure differential.
Greater pressure =
greater speed
Speed

Impeller Log
A propeller-type device hangs
below the vessel on a rod.
Water flow over propeller
causes it to spin.
Faster spin = faster speed.
Speed
Electromagnetic Log
Water conducts
electricity.
Measures induced
voltage.
Greater voltage =
greater water flow.
Speed
Doppler Speed Log
Measures frequency shift of reflected sound
waves.
SOG or Speed Through Water
Speed
Taffrail Log
Depth
Echo Sounder (Fathometer)

Sound is transmitted and


reflected from the bottom.
Depth
Depth = speed x ½ time interval
Speed is set at 4800 ft/sec.
But, it varies with salinity,
temperature, pressure.
Depth
Can display depth in feet,
fathoms or meters.
Check the setting!
Depth
Piloting Instruments

Dividers/Compass
Piloting Instruments
Triangles
Piloting Instruments
Parallel Rulers
Piloting Instruments

Parallel Plotter
Piloting Instruments
Three Arm Protractor
Piloting Instruments
Nautical Slide Rule
Introduction to Navigation

Questions?

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