Chapter 28: Quantum Physics: For Wed Recitation: - Online Qs - Practice Problems: # 3, 6, 13, 21, 25

Chapter 28: Quantum Physics
• Wave-Particle Duality
• Matter Waves For Wed recitation:
• The Electron Microscope • Online Qs
• The Heisenberg Uncertainty • Practice Problems:
Principle # 3, 6, 13, 21, 25
• Wave Functions for a Confined
Particle Lab: 2.16 (Atomic Spectra)
•The Hydrogen Atom • Do Pre-Lab & turn in
• Next week optional 2.03
•The Pauli Exclusion Principle
•Electron Energy Levels in a Solid Final Exam: Tue Dec 11 3:30-
•The Laser 5:30 pm @220 MSC
•Quantum Mechanical Tunneling • 200 pts: Chs.25,27,28,(26)1
• 200 pts: OQ-like on 12,16-24
§28.1 Wave-Particle Duality
Light is both wave-like (interference & diffraction)
and particle-like (photoelectric effect).
Double slit experiment: allow only 1 photon

at a time, but:
• still makes interference pattern!
• can’t determine which slit it will pass thru
• can’t determine where it will hit screen
• can calculate probability:
• higher probability  higher intensity
• IE2, so E2 probability of striking at a
given location; E represents the wave 2
function.
§28.2 Matter Waves
If a wave (light) can behave like a particle,
can a particle act like a wave?
Double slit experiment w/ electrons:
•  interference pattern! Wave-like!
Allow only 1 e– at a time:
• still makes interference pattern
• can still calculate probabilities
Add detector to see which slit used:
• one slit or other, not both
• interference pattern goes away!
3
• wave function “collapses” to particle!!
Diffraction (waves incident on a crystal sample)
Electrons: X-rays:
l  m  2dsin  4
Like photons, “matter waves”
have a wavelength: h

“de Broglie wavelength” p
Momentum: p  mv
Note: need a relativistic
correction if v~c (Ch.26)
 by
Electron beam defined
accelerating potential,
gives them Kinetic Energy:
 p  2mK
5
Example (PP 28.8): What are the de Broglie wavelengths of
electrons with kinetic energy of (a) 1.0 eV and (b) 1.0 keV?
6
§28.3 Electron Microscope
Resolution (see fine detail):
asin  1.22
• visible light microscope
limited by diffraction to
~1/2  (~200 nm).

• much smaller (0.2-10 nm)
using a beam of electrons
(smaller ).
7
Fig. 28.06
Transmission Scanning
Electr. Micr. Electr. Micr.
Example: We want to image a biological sample at a
resolution of 15 nm using an electron microscope.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of a beam of electrons with a
de Broglie wavelength of 15.0 nm?
(b) Through what potential difference should the electrons
be accelerated to have this wavelength?
-
9
§28.4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Sets limits on how precise
measurements of a particle’s
position (x) and momentum (px)
can be: x
1
xp x  
2
Uncertainty
in position

& momentum
h
where  
2 Superposition
wave
The energy-time packet
1
uncertainty Et  .
principle: 2 10
x
Example: We send an electron through a very narrow slit
of width 2.010-8 m. What is the uncertainty in the
electron’s y-component momentum?
11
Example: An electron is confined to a “quantum wire” of
length 150 nm.
(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

component of momentum along the wire?
(b)In its velocity?
12
§28.5 Wave Functions for a Confined Particle Analogy: standing wave
on a string: 2L
n 
n
Same for electron in a quantum
wire (particle in a 1D box), so
 h  n 
pn    h
n 2L 
& particle’s KE is
 h 2 
 E n  n 2 2 
 n 2
E1
8mL 
Conclude: A confined particle

has quantized energy levels

13
Electron cloud represents the electron probability density
for an H atom (the electron is confined to its orbit):
1
Et  .
2
Energy states
and durations 14
are “blurred”
Example: We want to image a biological sample at a
resolution of 15 nm using an electron microscope.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of a beam of electrons with a
de Broglie wavelength of 15.0 nm?
(b) Through what potential difference should the electrons
be accelerated to have this wavelength?
h h -
  Square both sides, solve for K:
p 2mK
h2 (6.626 1034 Js) 2
K  =1.07x10-21 J = 0.0067 eV (low E!)
2m 2 31
2(9.1110 kg)(15 10 m) 9 2
(b) K final  U initial  qV  eV

so
K 0.0067eV
V   = 0.0067 V (low Voltage, easy desktop machine!)
e e
 15
Example: We send an electron through a very narrow slit
of width 2.010-8 m. What is the uncertainty in the
electron’s y-component momentum?
Key idea: electron goes through slit; maybe through center, or ±a/2 above/below it,
so use y = a/2! Then H.E.P. says h so
ypy 
2
py 
h h
 a 
h

6.626 1034 Js
 5.3 1027 kgm
2y 22  2a 2 (2.0 108 m) s

Notice: This uncertainty in the electron’s vertical momentum means it can
16
veer off its straight-line course; many veered electrons  diffraction pattern!!
Example: An electron is confined to a “quantum wire” of
length 150 nm.
(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

component of momentum along the wire?
(b)In its velocity?
Key idea: electron w/in wire; maybe at center, or ±l/2 from center, so use
x = l/2! Then use H.E.P.
px 
h h
 l 
h

6.626 1034 Js
 7 1028 kgm
2x 22  2l 2 (150 109 m) s
(b) Solve for the velocity: p 6.626 1034 Js

v   31
 770 ms  1 kms
m 9.1110 kg

 17

Chapter 28: Quantum Physics: For Wed Recitation: - Online Qs - Practice Problems: # 3, 6, 13, 21, 25

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Chapter 28: Quantum Physics: For Wed Recitation: - Online Qs - Practice Problems: # 3, 6, 13, 21, 25

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Chapter 28: Quantum Physics

Double slit experiment: allow only 1 photon

(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

Conclude: A confined particle

(b) K final  U initial  qV  eV

2y 22  2a 2 (2.0 108 m) s

(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

2x 22  2l 2 (150 109 m) s

(b) Solve for the velocity: p 6.626 1034 Js

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