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Steps in Scientific Investigation

This document outlines the steps of the scientific investigation process: 1) Identifying a problem by making observations and formulating problem statements. 2) Making a hypothesis to explain the observed phenomenon that can then be tested. 3) Planning the investigation by determining variables, materials, and procedures. 4) Conducting controlled experiments to collect and record data, then analyzing the data to make conclusions about whether the results support or refute the original hypothesis.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
146 views11 pages

Steps in Scientific Investigation

This document outlines the steps of the scientific investigation process: 1) Identifying a problem by making observations and formulating problem statements. 2) Making a hypothesis to explain the observed phenomenon that can then be tested. 3) Planning the investigation by determining variables, materials, and procedures. 4) Conducting controlled experiments to collect and record data, then analyzing the data to make conclusions about whether the results support or refute the original hypothesis.

Uploaded by

Hidayah Sanusi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCIENTIFIC

INVESTIGATION

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION


IDENTIFYING A PROBLEM

– Begin by observing the phenomenon that occur around us


– Observation can be made by using our senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste and
smell)
– Based on the observation, problem statements are formulated

Ex: During your P.E class, you observe that some of your friends
panting longer than the others. You wonder why this is happen.
MAKING A HYPOTHESIS

– Hypothesis is a general statement about or a possible explanation for an


observed phenomenon. (the validity has not proven yet)
– The hypothesis need to be tested in a laboratory / in natural setting.

Ex: Your hypothesis for the situation you observed earlier is: panting is
related to the level of fitness in each students. For the fittest student, the
recovery time (time to pulse rate returns to normal ) is shortest.
PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION

Planning the investigation involved:


– Determining the apparatus and materials needed
– Identifying the variables that influences the results of the experiment
– Determining the procedures involved in the experiment
– Determining the observations to be made and to be taken
IDENTIFYING AND
CONTROLLING VARIABLES
– 3 types of variables
– MANIPULATED VARIABLES (MV):
the variable that is changed to produce an observable event
– RESPONDING VARIABLES (RV):
the outcome of an experiment
– CONTROLLED VARIABLES (CV):
variables that kept constant throughout the experiment
CONDUCTING THE
EXPERIMENT
– When conducting experiment, the apparatus, materials and specimens used
must be handled correctly and safely.
– All unwanted materials must be discarded in a proper manner.
– All variables must be determined and all the observations must be made
accurately and objectively.
COLLECTING DATA

– DATA = result of the experiment


– Data can be obtained by observation / measurement
– Data gathered must be accurate
RECORDING DATA

– All the data collected must be recorded.


– Data can be presented clearly in the table.
– Others, data also can be presented in the form of graphs, charts or
diagrams.
ANALYSING AND
INTERPRETING DATA
– Analysis of data may include calculation of the results. If
calculation is involved, proper working of the calculations should
be included.
– The relationship between MV and RV must be stated clearly.
MAKING CONCLUSIONS

– A rational conclusion is then made up as to whether the


results support or refute the hypothesis.
WRITING A REPORT

– Complete report must be written based on the findings of the experiment.


– Basic framework of the laboratory report is as follows:
• Objective
• Problem statement
• Hypothesis
• Variables
• Materials and apparatus
• Procedures
• Discussion
• Conclusion

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