Scribd
Upload
30 views15 pages

Lecture-3: Stresses Types and Strains

This document discusses different types of stresses and strains. It describes three main types of stresses: tensile stress which elongates materials, compressive stress which compresses materials, and shear stress which causes sliding between adjacent sections of a material. Tensile and compressive stresses are called normal stresses because they act perpendicular to the material surface, while shear stresses act parallel to the material surface. Strain is defined as a measure of the deformation or change in shape of a material under an applied load. Normal strain measures elongation or contraction of a line segment when a force is applied.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views15 pages

Lecture-3: Stresses Types and Strains

This document discusses different types of stresses and strains. It describes three main types of stresses: tensile stress which elongates materials, compressive stress which compresses materials, and shear stress which causes sliding between adjacent sections of a material. Tensile and compressive stresses are called normal stresses because they act perpendicular to the material surface, while shear stresses act parallel to the material surface. Strain is defined as a measure of the deformation or change in shape of a material under an applied load. Normal strain measures elongation or contraction of a line segment when a force is applied.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Lecture-3

Stresses Types and strains


Types of stresses
When we apply some external force on the body, some amount of internal force which is equal but opposite in direction is
generated, this internal force per unit area is called stress. We denote this by Greek symbol σ and its formula is as following
σ = F/A
In SI, the units are Pascal (Pa).

The important types of simple stresses are


1. Tensile stress
2. Compressive stress
3. Shear stress

Tensile and compressive stress is causes by forces perpendicular to the areas on which they act.
For this reason, tensile and compressive stresses are frequently called normal stresses.

When we apply two equal forces but opposite in direction on a rod towards outside, it elongates and the type of stress
generate at that time is called tensile stress.

When we apply two equal forces but opposite in direction on a rod in such a way that it compresses the rod, then the type of
stress generates at that time is called compressive stress.
Shear stress
Shear stress is caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces.

For this reason, a shearing stress may be called a tangential stress.

A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to tend to slide past its adjacent
section.
Shear stress is denoted by Greek letter τ and the formula is as following

τ =Tangential force/ Resisting area


Several examples are shown in Figure 1-11.

In (a) the rivet resists shear across its cross-sectional area, whereas in the clevis at (b) the bolt resists shear across two
cross-sectional areas;

Case (a) may be called single shear and case (b) double shear.

In (c) a circular slug is about to be punched out of a plate; the resisting area is similar to the milled edge of a coin. In each
case, the shear occurs over an area parallel to the applied load. This may be called direct shear in contrast to the induced
shear that may occur over sections inclined with the resultant load, as was illustrated in Figure 1-4a.
Shear : load parallel to area

Normal : load perpendicular to area


.
A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to tend to slide past its adjacent section
Rivets resist shear across its cross-sectional area.
In Figure (c) a circular slug is about to be punched out of a plate; the resisting
area is similar to the milled edge of a coin. In this case, the shear occurs over
an area parallel to the applied load.

Die

Slug

Slug: a piece of metal shaped like a coin


Sample Problem #06

d  Diameter of hole  20mm  20 10 3 m


t  Thickness of plate  25mm  25 10 3 m
  Shear strength  350MN / m 2
v  Shear force  ?

SOLUTION :
v
 Shear area =
A Circumference of the
punched circle multiplied by
the specimen thickness
Area  Circumfere nce  Thickness
A  D  t

v v
 
A Dt
 v  Dt 
v   (20 10 3 )( 25 10 3 )(350 106 )
v  549778.7 N  550kN
Sample Problem #07

  Shear strength  40ksi


Maximum compressiv e stress    50ksi
Thickness of plate  t  ?
Diameter of hole  d  ?
a) t  ? for d  2.5 inch
b) d  ? for t  0.25 inch Slug
a) t  ? for d  2.5 inch

P
v v   P  A
  A
A dt
d 2
A
4
A  dt
d 2
P 
4
v  dt

Pv
d 2
  dt
4
d 2  4dt
d 2 d 50  2.5
t     0.78inch
4d 4 4  40
b) d  ? for t  0.25 inch

P
P P   P  A
  A
A dt
d 2
A
4
A  dt
d 2
P 
4
P  dt

d 2
  dt
4
4t 4(40)(0.25)
d    0.8inch
 50
Sample Problem #08

P  400kN
  300MPa
d ?

P 
 A d2
2A 4

P P
 
 
2 d2 d2
4 2
2P
 2
d
d 2  2 P Clevis: A U-shaped metal piece with holes in each end through
2P 2(400 10 ) 3 which a pin or bolt is run, used as a fastening device.
d2    0.848 10 3
  (300 10 )
6
The bolt is subjected to shear by the tensile forces in the flat
bar and the clevis.
d  0.848 10 3  0.0291m The bolt resists shear across two cross-sectional areas; it may
be called double shear.
Strain
Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s shape and size.
These changes are referred to as deformation.

Load will cause all material bodies to deform and, as a result, points in the body will
undergo displacements or changes in position.

Normal strain is a measure of the elongation or contraction of a small line segment in the
body.

To obtain the unit of deformation or strain ε, we divide the elongation δ by the length L in
which it was measured, thereby obtaining

You might also like