The Civil Rights Movement

 1896 Supreme Court Case
 “Separate, but equal”

 Made segregation legal – set
up Jim Crow laws in South
 Prejudice Race Laws
 Pre-Civil War: Black Codes
 Post-Civil War to 1965: Jim Crow Laws
Examples:
 Poll Taxes: fee to vote $$
 Literacy tests: must know how to read
to vote
 Segregation: separate facilities;
railway cars, schools, restaurants, hotels,
etc.
 1948 Executive Order by
President Truman (Did not need
approval from Congress)
 Armed Forces will allow

equal treatment and
opportunity without regard
to race, color, religion, or
national origin.
 1954 Supreme Court Case
 Said Plessy v. Ferguson was
unconstitutional
 Schools must be integrated

(combine races)
 Public segregation
continued until the Civil
Rights Act of 1964
 14 years old African
American boy from
Chicago
 Visiting family in
Mississippi
 “Flirted” with a white
woman
 Was lynched by several
white men
 All found not guilty of
murder by all white, all
male jury
 1955: Rosa Parks was
arrested in Montgomery,
Alabama for refusing to
give up her seat on the
bus to a white man.
 Montgomery Bus
Boycott (1955) lasted 1
year, and the law was
changed.
 Public transportation
was integrated
 1957 – 9 black students, called “Little Rock Nine” are
enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, AR.
 Faced death threats and violence for showing up to
school
 Governor agrees with segregationists and blocks the
students from entering school
 Takes 101st Airborne of US Army – under Pres.
Eisenhower’s orders – to allow students to go to
school
 Required armed military escort to attend school.
YIKES!
Freedom Rides
 1961 – college students take freedom rides through
South
 face intimidation, violence, and burning of buses for
sitting next to someone of a different race than them
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins

 1962 - young college students of all races stage lunch
counter sit-ins – are often beaten while sitting at lunch
counters (remain non-violent)
 George Wallace: Governor of Alabama
that ran for President 4 times. Said,
“Segregation today…
tomorrow…forever!”
 Orval Faubus: Governor of Arkansas

who blocked 9 black students from
entering Central High School in 1957.
 Ku Klux Klan (KKK): white supremacist

hate group that began after the Civil War,
peaked during 1920s & 1st Red Scare, ramp
up during Civil Rights Movement
“All men are created equal…”
 Preacher, and Leader of the

Civil Rights movement.
 Emphasized non-violent
protesting
 April 1963: arrested for
protesting, King wrote the
“Letter from Birmingham Jail”,
which said it is your
responsibility to disobey unjust
laws.
 August 1963: March on
Washington, DC. King gave the
“I Have a Dream” speech to
250,000 people.
 Civil Rights Act of 1957: 1st civil
rights law since Reconstruction
(Civil War times). It mostly
focused on voting rights, but
was weak.
 THE BIG ONE…

Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Made racial, religious, and
sexual discrimination by
employers illegal
 March 7, 1965
 600 marchers led by John Lewis attempted to
cross Edmund Pettus Bridge
 Blocked by State Troopers – couldn’t cross but
they refused to turn around
 Marchers were teargassed, beaten, and
bloodied while everything played out on live
television across the country
Another BIG ONE…
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
Outlawed literacy tests and
other forms of voter
discrimination.
President Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ)
was from Texas. He became President in
1963 after the death of John Kennedy
(JFK).
LBJ signed some of the most important
civil rights laws in history.
By the end of his presidency, LBJ’s decision
to escalate the fighting in Vietnam made
him unpopular.
 Cesar Chavez: Hispanic labor
leader that pushed for rights of
migrant farm workers
Peaceful
 NAACP: National Association for
the Advancement of Colored
People
 NOW: National Organization for
Women – Betty Friedan
 United Farm Workers – Cesar
Chavez & Dolores Huerta
Militant
 Black Panthers - Malcolm X &
Huey Newton
 Worked to provide civil rights to
immigrant workers after she left
teaching career
 Co-founded United Farm
Workers Union with Cesar
Chavez
 Led national grape boycott –
resulted in CA agreeing to
bargain with workers
 Later became leader for
Feminist Majority Foundation
 MD from UT Austin, Bronze Star from WWII.
 Protected rights of Mexican American vets
 Member of:
 Texas State Democratic Committee
 Democratic National Committee
 Founded Political Association of Spanish-
Speaking Organizations (PASO)
 Awarded Medal of Freedom-1984
 April 4, 1968 – while standing on the balcony of
his hotel, waiting to go to dinner in Memphis,
Tennessee
 Shooter: James Earl Ray (was arrested 2 months
later)
 Caused race riots in Chicago, Washington D.C.,
and Baltimore
 Black Panthers and militant groups called for
more violence while MLK Jr’s followers called for
less violence.
•Author of “Feminine Mystique “
•reflected the frustrated lives of women, asking “is that
all that there is?” after expecting to be fulfilled through
the achievements of their husbands and children;
•founder of the National Organization for Women
(NOW) and the National Women’s Political Caucus
1. Date - 1954
2. Location – Topeka Kansas
3. Names of Defendant: Topeka, KS School District
4. Name of Plaintiff – Oliver Brown, father of 8 year
old forced to attend “colored school” 21 blocks
from home
5. Topic of Case – Public School Segregation
6. What was the outcome or result?
Public school education was desegregated “with
all deliberate speed”
For each court case you need:
 Date (year)
 Location
 Name of defendant
 Name of plaintiff
 Background leading to case – why is this case
happening?
 Outcome/ruling – what did the Supreme
Court decide? Why is that important?
 Significant Amendments
13th, 14th, 15th, 19th
 Thurgood Marshall: 1st black

Supreme Court justice
(1967).
President Kennedy’s (JFK)
programs were called the “New
Frontier”; focused on poverty, space
exploration, education, and the Cold
War. – assassinated in 1963
President Johnson’s (LBJ) programs
were known as the “Great
Society”. They resembled parts of
Roosevelt’s New Deal from 30 years
earlier.
LBJ’s wife, Lady Bird, was responsible for
promoting the Highway Beautification Act, to make
roadways more attractive.
Affirmative Action
 Steps taken, or rules to increase the
number of minorities or women in
jobs or education, where they have
traditionally been excluded.
Title IX (9)
 Outlawed discrimination in sports
and extracurricular activities at
schools that are federally funded
Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
 Improved housing standards, and
helped with buying a home (loans)
Head Start and Upward Bound

 Provides early childhood education
to low income areas
 Entitlement programs are created by the
government to help specific groups.
 Social Security
 Provides monthly payments to senior citizens and people
with disabilities that cannot work.
 Paid for with Federal Income Tax (16th Amendment )
 Medicare Passed in 1966
 Provides medical assistance for poor.
 Social Security is on track to become insolvent (not enough

money) in 2033.
22nd Amendment –
sets 2 term or 10 year 25th Amendment
limit for President Sets up Presidential
line of succession – in
24th Amendment – case president dies,
Outlaws poll taxes resigns, or is removed
from office

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 1896 Supreme Court Case

 “Separate, but equal”

 Armed Forces will allow

 Schools must be integrated

Lunch Counter Sit-Ins

 Orval Faubus: Governor of Arkansas

 Ku Klux Klan (KKK): white supremacist

 Preacher, and Leader of the

 THE BIG ONE…

 Thurgood Marshall: 1st black

Head Start and Upward Bound

 Social Security is on track to become insolvent (not enough

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