Instrumentation Kalsi

VOLTMETERS and
Multimeters
A.C voltmeters using rectifier
• Rectifier type instruments generally use a PMMC movement along with a rectifier arrangement. Silicon
diodes are preferred because of their low reverse current and high forward current ratings.
• Figure 4.16 (a) gives an ac voltmeter circuit consisting of a multiplier, a bridge rectifier and a PMMC
movement.
• The bridge rectifier provides a full wave pulsating dc. Due to the inertia of the movable coil, the meter
indicates a steady deflection proportional to the average value of the current
• (Fig. 4.16 (b)). The meter scale is usually calibrated to give the RMS value of an alternating sine wave
input.
• A general rectifier type ac voltmeter arrangement is given in Fig. 4.17.
• Diode D1 conducts during the positive half of the input cycle and causes the meter
to deflect according to the average value of this half cycle. The meter movement is
shunted by a resistor, Rsh in order to draw more current through the diode D1 and
move the operating point into the linear portion of the characteristic curve, In the
negative half cycle, diode D2 conducts and the current through the measuring
circuit, which is in an opposite direction, bypasses the meter movement.
• AC Voltmeter using Half wave Rectifier – If a diode D1 is added to the dc voltmeter, as shown in
Fig. 4.18, we have an ac voltmeter using half wave rectifier circuit capable of measuring ac
voltages. The sensitivity of the dc voltmeter is given by
• The peak value of 10 V rms sine wave is
• The dc will respond to the average value of the ac input, therefore
• Since the diode conducts only during the positive half cycle, the average value over the entire
cycle is one half the average value of 8.99 V, i.e. about 4.5 V.
• Therefore, the pointer will deflect for a full scale if 10 V dc is applied and 4.5 V when a 10 Vrms
sinusoidal signal is applied.
• This means that an ac voltmeter is not as sensitive as a dc voltmeter. As The value of the
multiplier resistor can be calculated as
Example
AC Voltmeter using Full wave Rectifier
• The peak value of a 10 V rms signal is
• Average value is
• Therefore, we can see that a 10 V rms voltage is equal

• to a 9 V dc for full scale deflection,
• i.e. the pointer will deflect to 90% of full scale, or
MultiRange AC Voltmeter
• Figure 4.22 is circuit for measuring ac voltages for different ranges. Resistances R1, R2,
R3 and R4 form a chain of multipliers for voltage ranges of 1000 V, 250 V, 50 V, and 10 V
respectively.
• On the 2.5 V range, resistance R5 acts as a multiplier and corresponds to the multiplier
Rs shown in Fig. 4.17. Rsh is the meter shunt and acts to improve the rectifier operation
Differential Voltmeter
• The Differential Voltmeter technique, is one of the most common and accurate methods of measuring
unknown voltages. In this technique, the voltmeter is used to indicate the difference between known and
unknown voltages, i.e., an unknown voltage is compared to a known voltage.
• Figure 4.14 (a) shows a basic circuit of a differential voltmeter based on the potentiometric method; hence it
is sometimes also called a potentiometric voltmeter.
• In this method, the potentiometer is varied until the voltage across it equals the unknown voltage, which is
indicated by the null indicator reading zero. Under null conditions, Voltage the meter draws current from
neither the reference source nor the un-known known voltage source, and hence the differential voltmeter
presents an infinite impedance to the unknown source. (The null meter serves as an indicator only.)
• The reference source used is usually a 1 V dc standard source or a zener controlled precision supply. A high
voltage reference supply is used for measuring high voltages. The usual practice, however, is to employ
voltage dividers or attenuators across an unknown source to reduce the voltage. The input voltage divider
has a relatively low input impedance, especially for unknown voltages much higher than the reference
standard.
• The attenuation will have a loading effect and the input resistance of voltmeter is not infinity when an
attenuator is used. In order to measure ac voltages, the ac voltage must be converted into dc by
incorporating a precision rectifier circuit. A block diagram of an ac differential voltmeter is shown in Fig. 4.14
(b).
Shunt Type Ohmmeter
• The shunt type ohmmeter given in Fig. 4.30 consists of a battery in series with an adjustable resistor
R1, and a D’Arsonval movement. The unknown resistance is connected in parallel with the meter,
across the terminals A and B, hence the name shunt type ohmmeter.
Series Type Ohmmeter
• A D’ Arsonval movement is connected in series with a resistance R1 and a battery which is connected to a pair
of terminals A and B, across which the unknown resistance is connected. This forms the basic type of series
ohmmeter, as shown in Fig. 4.28 (a). The current flowing through the movement then depends on the
magnitude of the unknown resistance. Therefore, the meter deflection is directly proportional to the value of
the unknown resistance.
• Referring to Fig. 4.28

• R1 = current limiting resistance
• R2 = zero adjust resistance
• V = battery Rm = meter resistance
• RX = unknown resistance
True RMS Voltmeter
• Complex waveform are most accurately measured with an rms voltmeter. This instrument
produces a meter indication by sensing waveform heating power, which is proportional to the
square of the rms value of the voltage. This heating power can be measured by amplifying and
feeding it to a thermocouple, whose output voltages is then proportional to the Erms. However,
thermocouples are non-linear devices. This difficulty can be overcome in some instruments by
placing two thermocouples in the same thermal environment.
True RMS Meter
• There exists a fundamental difference between the readings on a normal ac meter and on a true rms meter.
The first uses a D’ Arsonval movement with a full or half wave rectifier, and averages the values of the
instantaneous rectified current.
• The rms meter, however, averages the squares of the instantaneous current values (proportional, for
example, to the instantaneous heating effect). The scale of the true rms meter is calibrated in terms of the
square roots of the indicated current values. The resulting reading is therefore the square root of the
average of the squared instantaneous input values, which is the rms value of the measured alternating
current.
• A true rms meter is always a combination of a normal mean value indicating meter and a squaring device
whose output at any instant is proportional to the instantaneous squared input.

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VOLTMETERS and

• The peak value of 10 V rms sine wave is

• The dc will respond to the average value of the ac input, therefore

• Therefore, we can see that a 10 V rms voltage is equal

• Referring to Fig. 4.28

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