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Sallen and Key Two Pole Filter: Z Z Z V V V

The document describes the Sallen and Key filter configuration which uses a single op-amp to realize a two-pole filter section. It then discusses how higher order filters can be created by cascading multiple two-pole sections in a process called synthesis by sections. While the order of sections is irrelevant theoretically, in practice the order may be determined by considerations like dynamic range to optimize for factors like saturation levels and noise figure.

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202 views18 pages

Sallen and Key Two Pole Filter: Z Z Z V V V

The document describes the Sallen and Key filter configuration which uses a single op-amp to realize a two-pole filter section. It then discusses how higher order filters can be created by cascading multiple two-pole sections in a process called synthesis by sections. While the order of sections is irrelevant theoretically, in practice the order may be determined by considerations like dynamic range to optimize for factors like saturation levels and noise figure.

Uploaded by

maithuong85
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sallen and Key Two Pole Filter

Buffer amplifier

Z2
vout  V  v1
Z0  Z2
Z0  Z2
 v1  vout
Z2
Apply Kirchoff’s current law to v1 node:
v1  vin v1 v1  vout
  0
Z0 Z0  Z2 Z1
v1 vin v1 v1 vout
    0
Z 0 Z 0 Z 0  Z 2 Z1 Z1

Z0  Z2
But v1  vout
Z2
Substituting,
vout Z 0  Z 2 vin vout vout Z 0  Z 2 vout
    0
Z0 Z2 Z 0 Z 2 Z1 Z 2 Z1

vout 1
 2  H s 
vin Z0 Z0
 2 1
Z1Z 2 Z2
Two-Pole Low-Pass Filter

Z0  R
1
Z1 
sC1
1
Z2 
sC 2

1 1
H s    2
Z 02 Z0 R C1C2 s 2  2 RC2 s  1
 2 1
Z1Z 2 Z2
Two-Pole High-Pass Filter

1
Z0 
sC
Z1  R1
Z 2  R2

1 1
H s   2

Z Z0 1 2
0
 2 1 2 2
 1
Z1Z 2 Z2 s C R1 R2 sCR2
Two-Pole Example
Design a second order normalised Butterworth low
pass filter.
1 1
H s   2  2
s  s 2  1 R C1C2 s 2  RC2 s  1

So, R 2C1C2  1
RC2  2
1
Eg. R  1, C2  2, C1 
2
Higher Order Filters
 Using a single op-amp the highest order
practical filter design is two.
 For higher order filters, more than one op-
amp is needed.
 Simplest design technique is cascade
synthesis or synthesis by sections.
Synthesis by Sections

H1(s) H2(s)
VIN(s) VIN(s)H1(s) VIN(s)H1(s) H2(s)

 When two (or more) filters are cascaded in series,


the total transfer function is the product of the
individual transfer functions.
 HTOT(s) = H1(s) H2(s)
 The required transfer function must be factorised into
second order sections.
Factorising the Transfer Function
 Filter design techniques usually generate the
positions of the poles (and zeros) of the
transfer function.
 Grouping complex conjugate pairs together is
essential for physically realisable sections.
 If the required filter order is odd, a single
pole will be left over. This is realised by a first
order section.
Fourth Order Example
The poles of a normalised fourth order low pass
Butterworth filter are:
pn  0.38  j 0.92 &  0.92  j 0.38

Transfer function is, therefore:


1
H s  
s  .38  j.92s  .38  j.92s  .92  j.38s  .92  j.38
1

s 2  0.77 s  1s 2  1.85s  1
1 1
 2  2
s  0.77 s  1 s  1.85s  1
Fourth Order Realisation

1 1
s 2  0.77 s  1 s 2  1.85s  1
Third Order Example
The poles of a normalised third order low pass Bessel
filter are:
pn  0.94 &  0.75  j 0.71

Transfer function is, therefore:


1
H s  
s  0.94s  0.75  j 0.71s  0.75  j 0.71
1

s  0.94s 2  1.49s  1.06
1 1
  2
s  0.94 s  1.49 s  1.06
Ordering the Sections
From fourth order example:
1 1
H s   2  2
s  0.77 s  1 s  1.85s  1
 H 1 s   H 2 s 

 In theory, using ideal op-amps, it doesn’t matter


which section is first or second.
 In practice, the decision is based on considerations
of:
 Saturation Levels
 Noise Figure
Second Order Frequency Response
 02 1
H s   2 
s  2s 0   02 s 2  2s  1
10
 If the damping ratio,
, is less than 1/2,
the peak gain is
=0.2
greater than one.
1 0.707 0.5
1  This means that the
maximum input level
Gain

=2
is reduced, to avoid
0.1
op-amp saturation.

0.01
0.1 1 10
Frequency [rad/s]
Butterworth Filter Example
1 1
H s   2  2
s  0.77 s  1 s  1.85s  1
 H 1 s   H 2 s 

1
  0.385    0.925 
1
2 2
At  = 1 rad/s,
1 1
H 1 s   2   1 .3
j  0.77 j  1 0.77 j
1 1
H 2 s   2   0.54
j  1.85 j  1 1.85 j
H1 s   H 2 s   1.3  0.54  1 / 2

A
sin t 
Asin t  1.3 Asin t  2 VSAT
H1(s) H2(s) Amax 
1.3
A
sin t 
Asin t  0.54 Asin t  2
H2(s) H1(s) Amax  VSAT 2
Section Ordering
 To get the highest maximum input signal range.
 Sections with the largest damping ratio (lowest Q) should
come first.
 Resonant sections with low damping ratios come last,
possibly susceptible to noise.
 To get the lowest output noise.
 Highest gain sections (i.e. most resonant) should come first.
 Subsequent sections attenuate noise.
 What’s the best order ?
 It depends.
Summary
 The Sallen and Key configuration realises a
two-pole filter section using a single op-amp.
 Synthesis by sections creates higher order
filters by cascading first and second order
sections.
 Under ideal assumptions, the order of the
sections is irrelevant.
 Practically, dynamic range considerations
decide the order of the sections.

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