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Asst - Prof.Dr - Raghad Zuhair Medical Image Processing

The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) image formation. It explains that in a CT scan, an x-ray tube and detector array rotates around the patient, taking intensity measurements from different angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images. Each measurement generates an attenuation profile that is used to calculate the absorption coefficient at each point in the image. The absorption coefficients are represented using Hounsfield units, which are calibrated to assign shades of gray. Reconstructing accurate images involves tracing x-ray paths backwards through back projection algorithms. Overall, CT provides fast, detailed imaging but requires quality detectors, software, and involves x-ray exposure.

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Dr-Raghad Al-Faham
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© © All Rights Reserved
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64 views

Asst - Prof.Dr - Raghad Zuhair Medical Image Processing

The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) image formation. It explains that in a CT scan, an x-ray tube and detector array rotates around the patient, taking intensity measurements from different angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images. Each measurement generates an attenuation profile that is used to calculate the absorption coefficient at each point in the image. The absorption coefficients are represented using Hounsfield units, which are calibrated to assign shades of gray. Reconstructing accurate images involves tracing x-ray paths backwards through back projection algorithms. Overall, CT provides fast, detailed imaging but requires quality detectors, software, and involves x-ray exposure.

Uploaded by

Dr-Raghad Al-Faham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CT

Lecture3
Asst.Prof.Dr.Raghad Zuhair
Medical Image Processing

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Computed Tomography
- The basics of image formation

• Here the x-ray tube and detector array makes many sweeps past the patient.

• The x-ray tube and detector array is capable of rotating around the axis of the
patient.

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• Each scan tries to determine the composition of each transverse cross section.
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Willi Kalender, Computed Tomography, Publicis Corporate Publishing 2005

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Computed Tomography :Basics Image formation
• As the x-ray tube and detectors swing around an intensity profile mapping is
created.

• This could also be written as an attenuation profile which is the incident intensity
minus the transmitted intensity.

• This generates a set of N equations that will be solved simultaneously for m(x,y) in
the image reconstruction system.

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Homogeneous Inhomogeneous Inhomogeneous
object, object, object,
monochromatic monochromatic polychromatic
radiation radiation radiation
d


 mds
m(x,y) =
1  I 
I  Ioe mx  mx  ln  
x Io  I  Ioe m1 x1  m2 x2  m1 x1 ...  Ioe 0
 mi  ? ?

In a CT scan we measure the intensity of radiation. The attenuation value,


m, is easily determined if you have a homogeneous object. The incident
 to be known and for inhomogeneous objects we need many
intensity needs
scans to determine m(x,y).

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The detectors see the forward
projected x-rays and measure
the intensity, given that the x-ray
intensity without the body
present is known.

The intensity Ni written as sum


of attenuation coefficients along
a given x-ray path.

This generates a shade of gray


and a number associated with
this shade.

Then the detector changes angles


and the process repeats.
The images are reconstructed by a method called back projection, or tracing
backwards along the x-rays forward path to reconstruct the image and
calculating the absorption due to a localized region. This a mathematically
tedious process, but is handled easily with computers. 26
• The top scan we see that there are lighter and
darker regions somewhere in it, but we don't
know whether the light/dark regions is high, low,
or in the middle. In other words, we know where
the light region is horizontally but not vertically.

• So by stretching it out we're kind of saying,


"We don't know where the light spot is
vertically, so for now give it all vertical values!”

• Now do a vertical scan and now we've taken


the light/dark spots whose location we know
vertically and "smeared" it out across all
horizontal positions.

• You can see where the light areas cross and it gets even more light there
and we can start to form an image.
• By "adding" more shadows medium light lines would eventually
disappear and we’d have a more complete and higher resolution image.
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Computed Tomography
- Hounsfield Units or CT numbers
• CT numbers (or Hounsfield units) represent the percent difference between
the x-ray attenuation coefficient for a voxel and that of water multiplied by a
constant.

• Water has a CT number of zero and the numbers can be positive or negative
depending on the absorption coefficient.

• This is how we assign a shade of gray, and 1000 is just a scaling factor set by
the CT manufacturer.

mtissue  mwater 
CT#   1000
 mwater 


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Computed Tomography- Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:
• Desired image detail is obtained
• Fast image rendering
• Filters may sharpen or smooth reconstructed images
• Raw data may be reconstructed post-acquisition with a variety
of filters

Disadvantages
• Multiple reconstructions may be required if significant detail is
required from areas of the study that contain bone and soft
tissue
• Need for quality detectors and computer software
• X-ray exposure

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http://www.themesotheliomalibrary.com/ct-scan.html

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