Prepared By: Renato B.

Bermillo
 STANDARDS
 PLANNING
 WORKING CONDITIONS
 MICRO-CLIMATE
◦ Temperature of Substrate
◦ Dew Point
◦ Ambient Temperature
◦ Relative Humidity
◦ Temperature of Paint
 APPLICATION METHODS
◦ Brush
◦ Roller
◦ Air spray
◦ Airless spray
◦ Air-mix spray
◦ Electrostatic spray
◦ Plural Component Spray
 WORMANSHIP
 INSPECTION AND TESTING
 SSPC-PA 1, Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting
of Steel

 SSPC-PA 2, Measurement of Dry Coating

Thickness With Magnetic Gages

 SSPC-PA Guide 3, A Guide to Safety in Paint

Application

 SSPC-PA Guide 4, Guide to Maintenance

Repainting with Oil Base or Alkyd Painting
Systems
 SSPC-PA Guide 5, Guide to Maintenance Coating
of Steel Structures in Atmospheric Service

 SSPC-PA 6/NACE No. 10, Fiberglass-Reinforced

Plastic (FRP) Linings Applied to Bottoms of
Carbon Steel Aboveground Storage Tanks

 SSPC-PA 7, Applying Thin Film Coatings to

Concrete

 SSPC-PA 8/NACE No. 11, Thin-Film Organic

Linings Applied in New Carbon Steel Process
Vessels
 SSPC-PA 9, Measurement of Dry Coating
Thickness on Cementitious Substrates Using
Ultrasonic Gages

 ASTM D1186-01, Standard Test Methods for

Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film
Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a
Ferrous Base

 ASTM D4414 - 95(2007) Standard Practice for

Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch
Gages
 A time schedule reflecting progress of surface
preparation and paint application should be
established.

 In the schedule, adequate allowance must be

made for other activities: scaffolding, rigging,
moving and maintaining lighting, and possibly
ventilation equipment.

 Paint material properties must be also considered

in the schedule: drying, curing, recoating
intervals, pot-life of mixed two-pack product.
 Anticipated temperatures and weather conditions
must be considered.

 Consider possible construction or cleaning work

might delay the application of paint or cause
damage to, or contamination of, the painted
surface.

 Rate of work calculations should be based on

past experience, with similar painting crew on
similar construction, and under similar condition.
 Accessibility & Lighting
All areas to be painted should be easily accessible.
Adequate working light provided, with an intensity of
500~1,000lux corresponding to the light intensity
required for reading ordinary newsprint.

 Ventilation
Ample ventilation must be provided both for safety
generally (e.g. risk of explosion, solvent inhalation) and to
ensure drying of the paint. Retarded drying may result to:
◦ Immediate sagging and running of applied coating
◦ Solvent entrapment
◦ Increased recoating intervals

NB: Retarded drying impairs the anticorrosive properties

and the mechanical strength of the coating.
Microclimate – is the climatic conditions in that small, well
defined area, where paint gets in contact with the surface of
the substrate.

 Temperature of substrate – The temperature should be

above dew point (min. 3ºC/5ºF) to avoid condensation and
subsequent detachment of coating.

 Dew point – temperature at which humidity in the air will

condense, and settle as moisture on the surface.

 Ambient temperature – Chemically curing paints and

dispersions have specific requirements to temperature
allowing paint to dry/cure. Minimum application
temperature will vary depending of generic type of paint.
 Relative humidity (RH) – paints perform best
when applied below 85% RH, and some paints
(e.g. many polyurethanes) may require lower RH
during application and curing, if they are to
perform as designed.

 Temperature of paint– Pot life of mixed two-pack

products is determined by the temperature of the
paint, not the air. Viscosity and spray ability are
influenced by the temperature of the paint.
Solvent free epoxies may tend to get very warm
after mixing in the can. The chemical reaction
can develop a high amount of heat, which
scarcely leaves the paint in the can.
Choice of application method will influence not
only the rate, but also the quality of paintwork.
Major advantages and limitations of the most
commonly employed application methods are
given in the following slides.
  Method is slow and
Versatile and low cost tool

therefore labor intensive
 Old fashioned but often most
suitable for painting complex  Not all paint types are
objects, such as lattice structures,
pylons, rods, small diameter piping, suited to be applied by
etc. brush; high builds, paints
applicable in 80microns dry
 Displaces dust, to some extent film thickness (DFT) and
moisture, from surface; this makes
brush application particularly well more in one coat being
suited for application of first coat of particularly unsuited
primer

 Penetrations offered by brush  Requires much greater skill

application, when done correctly, is of the operator than any
not surpassed by any other
application method other application method.

Advantages Limitations
  Leaves a thin and
 Low cost tool, mobility uneven film, and often
with misses and
and independence of a
pinholes
power source (common
with the brush)  Penetration is very
poor
 Good on broad, even
surface, and even wire  Thick coat are difficult
netting. to obtain, not
recommended for high
builds

Advantages Limitations
All spray application systems are based on the
paint being atomized (broken up into minute
droplets) and then deposited on the work
piece.

In air spray, compressed air at about 45psi is

used for atomization of the liquid paint. The
result is a very fine, almost mist-like,
atomization.
 Enables skilled operator  Risk of overspray and
to achieve superior finish dry spray due to fine
due to mist-like atomization and low
atomization; painting of pressure
motor cars, furniture,
refrigerators, etc. are
examples of air spray
 Loss of paint material,
finishing due to overspray

 Poor penetration, due

 Good for application of
water-borne zinc to emission of a large
silicates type of paint volume of air

Advantages Limitations
 Atomization is achieved
through sudden release
from high pressure, as
the liquid is forced
through a narrow orifice.

 The high pressure is

afforded by a hydraulic
pump, usually driven by
compressed air, but air
has no part in the
atomization of the liquid.

Description Flow Diagram

 Very high rate of work  Element of hazard is
and the ability to there due to high nozzle
successfully apply high pressure as high as
build paints 4,500psi

 Offers good penetration,  Due to high pressure,

and is well suited for operators are tempted to
application of first coat spray at excessive
of primer; provided distance resulting to loss
distance of nozzle to of material (over spray)
work piece is correct, and thin film/poor film
12~16 in. formation (dry spray)

Advantages Limitations
The desire to combine high quality finish of air
spray with the high output of airless spray has led
to air-mix spray.

In principle, air-mix spray is an airless using

compressed air to assist the atomization at the
nozzle.

The penetration and the rate of work are better

than for air spray, and the finish is almost as good.

Compared to airless spray, the method is slower

and the equipment more complex.
Air-mix Gun Air-mix Pump
 Based on the law that particles of opposite
polarity attract one another.

 Work piece may be positively charged (earthed),

and the paint particles negatively charged,
through the gun being connected to a generator.

 The electrical charge to the paint particles may

be applied by either of two processes:
◦ Paint is electrically atomized and charged as it leaves the
edge of a spinning bell or disc.
◦ Electrical charge is applied to the paint particles already
atomized by air or airless spray.
 Overspray, and consequent  Inside corners and
loss of paint, is greatly
reduced. recesses cannot, because
of Faraday shielding
 Very even and exact DFT effect, be adequately
can be achieved coated
 Outside corners and edges
receive full film thickness  Equipment is rather
expensive
 Because of “wrap around”
effect, the risk of misses  Not all paints can be
and holidays is greatly
reduced. applied electrostatically

Advantages Limitations
Electrostatic Spray Gun Power Supply
 Is used for modern high performance
coatings of tow, or more, components, high
viscous with no or little solvent, and with a
short pot life of only minutes.

 The components, two or more, are either

mixed immediately upstream from the gun,
in the gun itself or immediately in front of
the gun nozzle.

 Because of components’ high viscosity, they

have to be pre-heated.
Equipment in Action Equipment Diagram
Care and attention, workmanship, are required if the paint
applied is to form the adherent, coherent, and continuous
protective coating desired.

◦ Tip orifice size and atomizing pressure should be those best

suited for the type of paint to be applied.

◦ Fan width should be appropriate for the work piece and its
configuration; overspray and loss of material or a lower rate of
work, may otherwise result.

◦ Filters, on both pump and gun, should be clean and intact, to

avoid stoppages and loss of time.

◦ Correct distance between substrate and gun tip is about

30cm/12in. This ensures optimum penetration and freedonm
from dry spray.
 The gun should be held
perpendicular to the substrate
at all times, also at the end of
each gun pass.

 Spray passes should laid at an

even speed, each pass
overlapping the preceding pass
by at least 50% and the trigger
is released at the end of each
pass.

 Monitor wet film thickness

(WFT) during application.

Overspray – Paint not landing on the substrate

Requirements Dry spray – Paint droplets just wet enough to
adhere but too dry to flow and form a
continuous film.
 Where very high and uniform
film thicknesses are required,
cross spraying should be
employed.

Requirements Cross Spraying

 Ensure that specified painting system is used

 Verify that paint materials are from approved

manufacturers – contrasting colors for different coats

 Review batch certificates if paint materials are still

within can life

 Ensure that storage of materials is as per

recommendation by manufacturer/s

 Verify that surface preparation is in accordance with

manufacturer’s recommendation
 Verify that correct amount of thinner is added

 Verify that manufacturer’s recommended

drying/curing time or temperature is
observed

 Verify that manufacturer’s recommended

recoating interval is complied

 Verify that correct dry film thickness (DFT) is

applied
 Long Edge Wet Film
Square Wet Film Comb
Combs
 Roll-back Dial Magnetic Electronic Magnetic Induction
Pull-off Thickness Gauge Thickness Gauges
  Ultrasonic gauge can
measure the thickness
of coatings on
nonmetallic substrates.
 Ultrasonic pulse-echo
technique of ultrasonic
gages (e.g. PosiTector
200) is used to measure
the thickness of coatings
on nonmetal substrates
(plastic, wood, etc.)
without damaging the
coating.

PosiTector 200 Ultrasonic DFT Measurement