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14 FIR Filter Design 2

The document discusses different types of fixed and adjustable window functions used in FIR filter design. It provides the equations and plots for rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman fixed windows, comparing their main lobe width, sidelobe level, and transition bandwidth. An adjustable Kaiser window is also introduced, where the beta parameter controls sidelobe attenuation. Design examples are given to illustrate the window selection and filter implementation based on specifications.

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Ghubaida Hassani
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40 views15 pages

14 FIR Filter Design 2

The document discusses different types of fixed and adjustable window functions used in FIR filter design. It provides the equations and plots for rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman fixed windows, comparing their main lobe width, sidelobe level, and transition bandwidth. An adjustable Kaiser window is also introduced, where the beta parameter controls sidelobe attenuation. Design examples are given to illustrate the window selection and filter implementation based on specifications.

Uploaded by

Ghubaida Hassani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fixed Window Functions

• Using a tapered window causes the height


of the sidelobes to diminish, with a
corresponding increase in the main lobe
width resulting in a wider transition at the
discontinuity
• Hanning:
w[n]  0.5  0.5 cos( 2 n ),  M  n  M
2M  1
• Hamming:
w[n]  0.54  0.46 cos( 2 n ),  M  n  M
2M  1
• Blackman:
w[n]  0.42  0.5 cos( 2  n )  0.08 cos( 4  n )
2M  1 2M  1
Fixed Window Functions
• Plots of magnitudes of the DTFTs of these
windows for M = 25 are shown below:
Rectangular window Hanning window
0 0

-20 -20

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
w/ w/
Hamming window Blackman window
0 0

-20 -20
Gain, dB

Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
w/ w/
Fixed Window Functions
• Magnitude spectrum of each window is
characterized by a main lobe centered at
w = 0 followed by a series of sidelobes with
decreasing amplitudes
• Parameters predicting the performance of a
window in filter design are:
• Main lobe width
• Relative sidelobe level
Fixed Window Functions
• Main lobe width  ML - given by the
distance between zero crossings on both
sides of main lobe
• Relative sidelobe level As - given by the
difference in dB between amplitudes of
largest sidelobe and main lobe
Fixed Window Functions

j( wc  2w ) j( wc  2w )
• Observe Ht (e )  H t (e ) 1
jwc
• Thus, H t (e )  0.5
• Passband and stopband ripples are the same
Fixed Window Functions
• Distance between the locations of the
maximum passband deviation and minimum
stopband value   ML

• Width of transition band


w  w s  w p   ML
Fixed Window Functions
• To ensure a fast transition from passband to
stopband, window should have a very small
main lobe width
• To reduce the passband and stopband ripple
 , the area under the sidelobes should be
very small
• Unfortunately, these two requirements are
contradictory
Fixed Window Functions
• In the case of rectangular, Hanning, Hamming,
and Blackman windows, the value of ripple  does
not depend on filter length or cutoff frequency wc ,
and is essentially constant
• In addition the transition bandwidth,
w  c
M
where c is a constant for most practical purposes
Fixed Window Functions
• Rectangular window -  ML  4 /(2M  1)
As  13.3 dB,  s  20.9 dB, w  0.92 / M
• Hanning window -  ML  8 /(2M  1)
As  31.5 dB,  s  43.9 dB, w  3.11 / M
• Hamming window -  ML  8 /(2M  1)
As  42.7 dB,  s  54.5 dB, w  3.32 / M
• Blackman window -  ML  12 /(2M  1)
As  58.1 dB,  s  75.3 dB, w  5.56 / M
Fixed Window Functions
• Filter Design Steps -
(1) Set
wc  (w p  w s ) / 2
(2) Choose window based on specified s
(3) Estimate M using
w  c
M
4) Obtain the impulse response coefficients of the
filter
ht [n]  h[n]  w[n]
FIR Filter Design Example
• Lowpass filter of length 51 and wc   / 2
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hann window Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hamming window
0 0

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-50 -50

-100 -100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1


w/ w/
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Blackman window
0
Gain, dB

-50

-100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1


w/
Adjustable Window Functions
• Kaiser Window -
I 0{ 1  (n / M ) 2 }
w[n]  , M nM
I0 ( )
where  is an adjustable parameter and I 0 (u )
is the modified zeroth-order Bessel function
of the first kind:  (u / 2) r
I 0 (u )  1   [ ] 2
r 1 r!
• Note I 0 (u )  0 for u > 0
20 (u / 2) r
• In practice I 0 (u )  1   [ ] 2
r 1 r!
Adjustable Window Functions
•  controls the minimum stopband
attenuation of the windowed filter response
•  is estimated using
 0.1102(  s 8.7 ), for  s  50
 0.5842(  s  21)0.4  0.07886(  s  21), for 21   s  50
 0, for  s  21
• Filter order is estimated using
s  8
N
2.285(w )
where w is the normalized transition
bandwidth
FIR Filter Design Example
• Specifications: w p  0.3 , w s  0.5 ,
 s  40 dB
• Thus wc  (w p  w s ) / 2  0.4
 s / 20
 s  10  0.01
  0.5842(19)  0.0788619  3.3953
0.4

32
N  22.2886
2.285(0.2)
• Choose N = 25 implying M =12
FIR Filter Design Example
sin(0.4 n)
• Hence ht [n]  n  w[n],  12  n  12
where w[n] is the n-th coefficient of a
length-25 Kaiser window with   3.3953
Kaiser Window Lowpass filter designed with Kaiser window
0 0

-20 -20

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
w/ w/

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