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Chap.4 - Nonpilot Distance Protection

Distance relays are used to protect transmission lines by responding to the impedance between the relay location and the fault location. As impedance per mile of a transmission line is fairly constant, distance relays respond to the distance to a fault. Zone 1 of the relay is typically set to underreach 80-95% of the line length to avoid overreaching. Zone 2 is deliberately set to overreach the remote terminal to provide backup protection. Zone 3 provides further backup protection by extending 120-180% of the next line section. Relay settings are analyzed using an R-X diagram to represent the relay and system on the same diagram.

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Julios Charl Panuncialman Tagupa
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269 views18 pages

Chap.4 - Nonpilot Distance Protection

Distance relays are used to protect transmission lines by responding to the impedance between the relay location and the fault location. As impedance per mile of a transmission line is fairly constant, distance relays respond to the distance to a fault. Zone 1 of the relay is typically set to underreach 80-95% of the line length to avoid overreaching. Zone 2 is deliberately set to overreach the remote terminal to provide backup protection. Zone 3 provides further backup protection by extending 120-180% of the next line section. Relay settings are analyzed using an R-X diagram to represent the relay and system on the same diagram.

Uploaded by

Julios Charl Panuncialman Tagupa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-pilot distance protection

of transmission lines
Distance relays are normally used to protect transmission lines.
They respond to the impedance between the relay location
and the fault location.

As the impedance per mile of a transmission line is fairly


constant, these relays respond to the distance to a fault on the
transmission line – and hence their name.
• ‘Under-reaching’ protection is a form of protection
in which the relays at a given terminal do not
operate for faults at remote locations on the
protected equipment. This definition states that
the relay is set so that it will not see a fault beyond
a given distance.
• Over-reaching’ protection is a form of protection in
which the relays at one terminal operate for faults
beyond the next terminal. They maybe constrained
from tripping until an incoming signal from a
remote terminal has indicated whether the fault is
beyond the protected line section
FACTS:
• The zone of distance relays are opened at the far
end, thus uncertainty about its exact reach is
eminent. Typically, uncertainty is about 5% of its
setting.
• Owing to this uncertainty, so that not to overreach
the end of the line section, zone 1 should be
underreach at 80 to 95% of the line length and to
be operated instataneously.
• Zone 1 alone does not protect the line AB.
• Zone 2 is set deliberately to overreach the remote
terminal(i.e. bus)
• Zone 2 of distance relay at A must be slower
than zone 1 of distance relay at B(next line) in
the order of 0.3 secs.
• Zone 2 is typically set at 120 – 150% of the line
length AB.
• In order to provide a backup function for the
entire line, it is customary to provide yet
another zone of protection for the relay at A.
This is known as the third zone of protection,
and usually extends to 120–180% of the next
line section
Ex. Consider the transmission line shown, the relay RAB is to be set to
protect the line AB. Impedances are actual transmission line
parameters.
• Zone 1 setting ---- .85 x (4 +j30) = 3.4 + j25.5
• Zone 2 setting --- 1.2 x (4 + j 30)= 4.8 + j 36
• Zone 3 setting ---- (4 + j 30) + 1.5 x (7 + j60) =14.5 + j 120
Time delays:
Zone 1 – instantaneous Zone 2 - 0.3 sec Zone 3 - 1 sec

• It should be noted that if one of the neighboring lines, such


as line BD, is too short, then the zone 2 setting of the relay Rab
may reach beyond its far end. For the present case, this would
happen if the impedance of line BD is smaller than [(4.8 + j36)
− (4.0 + j30)] = (0.8 + j6) . In such a case, one must set zone 2
to be a bit shorter, to make sure that it does not overreach
zone1 of Rab, or, if this is not possible, zone 2 of the relay Rab
may be set longer than zone 2 of relay Rab or it may be
dispensed with entirely and only zone 3 may be employed as
a backup function for the two neighboring lines.
R–X diagram
It is common to use an R–X diagram to both analyze and visualize
the relay response. By utilizing only two quantities, R and X (or Z
and θ), we avoid the confusion introduced by using the three
quantities E, I and θ. There is an additional significant advantage in
that the R–X diagram allows us to represent both the relay and the
system on the same diagram.
Although we have defined Zf under fault conditions, it must be
borne in mind that the ratio of E and I at the relay location is an
impedance under all circumstances, and when a fault occurs, this
impedance assumes the value Zf. In general, the ratio E/I is known
as the apparent impedance seen’ by the relay. This impedance
may be plotted as a point on the complex R–X plane. This is the
plane of (apparent) secondary ohms. One could view the
impedance as the voltage phasor , provided that the current is
assumed to be the reference phasor , and of unit magnitude.

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