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Influence Lines

The document discusses influence lines, which graphically represent how internal forces at specific points in a structure vary with the position of a unit load moving over the structure. It provides several definitions of influence lines and discusses how they can be used to determine maximum internal forces and the load positions that cause them. It also describes different types of loads and outlines common methods for constructing influence lines through tabulating values or deriving equations.

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718 views67 pages

Influence Lines

The document discusses influence lines, which graphically represent how internal forces at specific points in a structure vary with the position of a unit load moving over the structure. It provides several definitions of influence lines and discusses how they can be used to determine maximum internal forces and the load positions that cause them. It also describes different types of loads and outlines common methods for constructing influence lines through tabulating values or deriving equations.

Uploaded by

pengnium
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Definitions of influence line

In the literature, researchers have defined influence line in many ways. Some
of the definitions of influence line are given below.

• An influence line is a diagram whose ordinates, which are plotted as a


function of distance along the span, give the value of an internal force, a
reaction, or a displacement at a particular point in a structure as a unit load
move across the structure.

• An influence line is a curve the ordinate to which at any point equals the
value of some particular function due to unit load acting at that point.

• An influence line represents the variation of either the reaction, shear,


moment, or deflection at a specific point in a member as a unit concentrated
force moves over the member.
Influence Lines
Influence line is the graphical representation of the response function of the
structure as the downward unit load moves across the structure. The ordinate of
the influence line show the magnitude and character of the function.

The most common response functions of our interest are support


reaction, shear at a section, bending moment at a section, and force in truss
member. Influence line can also be used to determine deflections.

With the aid of influence diagram, we can...

1.determine the position of the load to cause maximum response in the function.
2.calculate the maximum value of the function.
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS
A curve or graph that represents a function like a reaction at a support, the
shear force at a section, the bending moment at a section of a structure for
various positions of unit load on the span of the structure is called Influence Line
diagram (ILD) for the function represented.

ILDs can be drawn for various functions like


i. Support Reaction (Va or Vb)
ii. Shear Force at a section C
iii. Bending Moment at a section C ILDs can be drawn for the following
iv. Horizontal thrust (H) of an arch i. Simply supported beams
v. Internal forces in members of a truss ii. Cantilever beams
iii. Over hang beams
iv. Continuous beams
v. Trusses etc.
Types of Loads

Loads are classified into 4 types. iii. Moving Loads or Rolling Loads
i. Dead Loads a) Movement of Vehicles
a) Self weight of the beam iv. Stress resultants
b) Weight of the slab a) Reactions of the support
c) Finishing Loads b) Shear
ii. Live Loads c) Bending
a) Weight of a person d) Torsion
b) Furniture etc.
Sign Conventions
Sign convention followed for shear and moment is given below

Positive for the following case


V
Shear (V)

Moment (M)

M M
Positive for the following case
Influence Line Equations
Influence line can be constructed by deriving a general mathematical equation
to compute parameters (e.g. reaction, shear or moment) at a specific point
under the effect of moving load at a variable position x.
The above discussed both approaches are demonstrated with the help of
simple numerical examples in the following paragraphs.
Properties of Influence Lines

1.Value of the function due to single concentrated load

Function = P x h
2. Value of the function due to multiple concentrated loads

Function = P1h1 + P2h2 − P3h3


3. Value of the function due uniformly distributed load

Function= w×Area
4. Value of the function for any type of load
Influence Lines for Beams
A downward concentrated load of magnitude 1 unit moves from A to B across
the simply supported beam AB as shown below.

We wish to determine the following functions:


•reaction at A
•reaction at B
•shear at C and
•moment at C

when the unit load is at a distance x from support A. Since the value of the above
functions will vary according to the location of the unit load, the best way to represent
these functions is by influence diagram.
Influence Line by Equilibrium Method
Influence Line for the reaction at A
Influence Line of Simply Supported Beam with
Overhang
The ordinate of influence line at the overhang can be found
by ratio and proportion of triangle.
Influence Lines for Trusses

Example
For the Pratt truss shown below, draw the influence diagram for members JK, DK,
and DE.
Definitions of influence line
In the literature, researchers have defined influence line in many ways. Some
of the definitions of influence line are given below.

• An influence line is a diagram whose ordinates, which are plotted as a


function of distance along the span, give the value of an internal force, a
reaction, or a displacement at a particular point in a structure as a unit load
move across the structure.

• An influence line is a curve the ordinate to which at any point equals the
value of some particular function due to unit load acting at that point.

• An influence line represents the variation of either the reaction, shear,


moment, or deflection at a specific point in a member as a unit concentrated
force moves over the member.
80 kg

80 kg
Construction of Influence Lines

In this section, we will discuss about the construction of influence lines.


Using any one of the two approaches (Figure ), one can construct the
influence line at a specific point P in a member for any parameter
(Reaction, Shear or Moment). In the present approaches it is assumed that
the moving load is having dimensionless magnitude of unity. Classification
of the approaches for construction of influence lines is given in Figure.

Construction of Influence
Lines

Tabulate Values Influence Line-Equation

Figure : Approaches for construction of influence line


Tabulate Values

Apply a unit load at different locations along the member, say at x. And these
locations, apply statics to compute the value of parameter (reaction, shear,
or moment) at the specified point. The best way to use this approach is to
prepare a table, listing unit load at x versus the corresponding value of the
parameter calculated at the specific point (i.e. Reaction R, Shear V or
moment M) and plot the tabulated values so that influence line segments can
be constructed.
Sign Conventions
Sign convention followed for shear and moment is given below

Positive for the following case


V
Shear (V)

Moment (M)

M M
Positive for the following case
Influence Line Equations
Influence line can be constructed by deriving a general mathematical equation
to compute parameters (e.g. reaction, shear or moment) at a specific point
under the effect of moving load at a variable position x.
The above discussed both approaches are demonstrated with the help of
simple numerical examples in the following paragraphs.
Example 1
Construct the influence line for the reaction at support B for the beam of
span 10 m. The beam structure is shown in Figure
Solution:
Tabulate values:
As shown in the figure, a unit load is places at distance x from support
A and the reaction value RB is calculated by taking moment with
reference to support A. Let us say, if the load is placed at 2.5 m. from
support A then the reaction RB can be calculated as follows

The beam structure with unit load

Similarly, the load can be placed at 5.0, 7.5 and 10 m. away from support A
and reaction RB can be computed and tabulated as given below.
Graphical representation of influence line for RB is
shown in Figure

Influence line for reaction RB

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