Thermodynamics 1

ME 203

Dr. AbdelSalam Al-Sarkhi

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Outline

 Textbook
 Catalog Description
 Grading system
 Homework
 Attendance
 Exams
 What thermodynamics
 Topics to be covered during the course
 Application Areas of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

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Text Book

THERMODYNAMICS
An Engineering Approach

6th Edition

By
Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles

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Catalog Description: Thermodynamics
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 System and control volume concepts.

 Properties of a pure substance.
 Work and heat.
 The first law of thermodynamics as applied to a system and a
control volume,
 internal energy, enthalpy.
 The second law of thermodynamics.
 Carnot cycle,
 entropy,
 reversible and irreversible processes.
 Applications of steady state steady-flow, uniform-flow, and other
processes.

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Grading System

 10% Class Test

 10% Homework Assignments
 20% First Exam
 15% Second Exam
 15% Quizzes
 30% Final Exam

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Homework

 Homework problems are 5 problems every

week.
 All homework problems assigned during a
given week are due in class one week
later unless stated otherwise.
 Late Homework will not be accepted

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Attendance

1. Attendance will be checked during each lecture.

2. Excuse should be authorized by the Deanship of
Student Affairs and submitted one week later
after resumption of class attendance.
3. Any student having more then 9 unexcused
absences will receive a grade of DN for the
course.

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Office Hours

 Office Hours:
1:00 – 2:00 SMW
11:00-12:00 ST
 Location: Building 22 Room # 157-1

 Phone 860-7725

 email: [email protected]

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Application Areas of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

The human body

Air-conditioning Airplanes
systems

Car radiators Power plants Refrigeration systems

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Dimensions and Units
 Basic Dimensions, Primary or Fundamental such as
mass, m, Length, L ,time, t, and Temperature, T
 Secondary Dimensions or Derived such as velocity V ,
Energy E and Volume V
 Two systems of Units
• English system, which is also known as the United States
CustomarySystem (USCS), and
• The metric SI (from Le Système International d’ Unités),
which is also known as the International System.
 The SI is a simple and logical system based on a decimal
relationship between the various units

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Dimensions and Units

The seven
fundamental
dimensions and
their units in SI
(International
System).

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Decimal Relationship Between
Units: SI System

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Dimensions and Units

SI British System Conversion

Length Meter (m) Foot (ft) 1 ft = 0.3048 m

Time Second (s) Second (s)

Slug 1 slug =14.59 kg

Pound mass (lbm) 1 lbm = 0.4536 kg
Mass Kg 1 slug = 32.2 lbm
Newton (N) Pound force (lbf)
Force 1 N = (1Kg).(1 m/s2) 1 lbf = (1 slug)(1. ft/s2) 1 lbf = 4.448 N
Definition Newton (N): is the force Pound force (lbf) is the force C = (5/9)*(F –32)
of required to give a mass of required to give a mass of 1
Unit force 1 kg an acceleration of 1 slug an acceleration of 1 ft/s2. R = (9/5)*K
m/s2.
Degree Celsius.(C) Degree Fahrenheit (F) C = (5/9)*(F –32)
Tempe- Absolute Temp.: Kelvin (K). Absolute Temp.: Rankine (R)
rature K = C + 273.15 R = F + 459.67 R = (9/5)*K

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Dimensional Homogeneity
 E = 25 kJ +7 kJ/kg =?
 E = 25 kJ +7 km/kg =?
 E = 25 kJ +7 kJ = 32 kJ

So the mistake is kJ/kg must be kJ

All sides must have the same units

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 Unity Conversion Ratios or
Conversion Factor

If we have 100 lbm ft/s2 how many lbf do we have?

Anything multiplied by 1 is the same
Answer = 3.108 lbf ……………do it
12 inch = 1 ft ; how many foots in the 23 inch
Answer = 1.9166 ft …………do it

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 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
Not in Thermal in Thermal
The zeroth law of Equilibrium Equilibrium
thermodynamics states
that: If two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with
the third body, they are
also in thermal
equilibrium with each
other or
The equality of
two bodies are in thermal equilibrium temperature is the
if both have the same temperature
reading even if they are not in
only requirement for
contact thermal equilibrium.

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 Temperature scales
T K   T  oC   273.15
T R   T  o F   459.67
T R   1.8T K 
T  o F   1.8T  oC   32
T K   T  oC 
T R   T  o F 
Note: it makes no difference to use K or
C in formulas involving temperature
difference. However, you should use
Absolute temperature in formulas
involving temperature only like the ideal
gas low.
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 Basic Concepts
of
Thermodynamics

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 What is Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics (from the
Greek words therme (heat)
and dynamis (power)), is the
science that primarily deals
with energy.

Thermodynamics is the study of the effects of Work, Heat and energy on

a system. So thermodynamics is the science of Energy

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What is Thermodynamics
 Zeroth Law: Thermodynamic Equilibrium
and Temperature
 First Law: Work, Heat, and Energy
 Second Law: Entropy

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Thermodynamics

The first law of

thermodynamics is simply
an expression of the
conservation of energy
principle, and it asserts
that energy is a
thermodynamic property.
Energy cannot be created
or destroyed; it can only
change forms (the first
law).
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Thermodynamics (continued)

The second law of

thermodynamics asserts that
energy has quality as well as
quantity, and actual
processes occur in the
direction of decreasing
quality of energy.
For example, a cup of hot
coffee left on a table
eventually cools to room Heat flows in the
temperature, but a cup of direction of
cool coffee in the same room decreasing
never gets hot by itself. temperature.
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Heat Transfer

Thermodynamics deals with

equilibrium states and changes
from one equilibrium state to
another.
Heat transfer, deals with
systems lacking thermal
equilibrium, and thus it is a non-
equilibrium phenomenon.
Temperature difference
is the driving force for
heat transfer. The larger
the temperature
difference, the higher is
the rate of heat transfer.
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 Closed Systems

A closed system (or

simply a system), or a
control mass, is
defined as a quantity of
matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
The mass or region The real or imaginary surface
outside the system is that separates the system
called the from its surroundings is
surroundings. called the boundary.

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Closed Systems

No mass can cross its

boundary But energy can.

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Closed Systems with moving boundary

Consider the piston-

cylinder device shown in
the Figure. Let us say that
we would like to find out
what happens to the
enclosed gas when it is
heated. Gas is our
system. Since no mass is
crossing the boundary,
therefore, it is still a
closed system but with a
moving boundary
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Closed Systems vs open systems

Open System Closed System

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 Open Systems

An open system, or a
control volume, is a
properly selected
region in space.
Both mass and
energy can cross the
boundaries of a
control volume.
It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow
such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle. Flow
through these devices is best studied by selecting
the region within the device as the control volume.
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Open Systems (continued)

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 Approaches

Macroscopic Approach (Classical Thermodynamics)

- is concerned with the overall behavior of a system
- no model of the structure of matter at the molecular, atomic,
and subatomic level is directly use

Microscopic Approach (Statistical Thermodynamics)

- is concerned directly with the structure of matter
- characterize, by statistical means, the average behavior of
the particles making up a system of interest and relate this
information to the observed macroscopic behavior of the
system
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 Properties of a System

Any characteristic of a
system is called a property.
Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T,
volume V, and mass m.
Properties describe the state
of a system only when the
system is in an equilibrium Not all properties are
state. independent. Density is a
dependent property on
pressure and
temperature.
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 Density as a property

Gases
Density is mass per unit
Volume
volume;  Gases
 = mass/volume (kg/m3)
P T
Specific volume is volume
per unit mass.
 = Volume/mass,
Water
(m3/kg) 

 = 1/ 
Liquids
Liquids

P T

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