Operating

Systems
PREPARED BY,

SAKSHI MISHRA -
1MS13IS090
PRUTHVI H.T -
1MS14IS080
What is operating system?

 A set of programs that manage computer hardware resources

and provide common services for application software
 Most important system software in computer system
 NOTE: User cannot run an application program on computer
without OS
 Ie. Android, Mac OS X, Microsoft
Types of Operating Systems-

 1. Windows
 2.Adroid Operating System.
 3.IOS Operating System.
 4. Linux
Windows

 Windows 98
 Active desktop displays Web content
 Enables Web conventions on the desktop
 Windows 2000
 Security of NT with Windows 98 Interface
 Windows 2000 Professional and Windows 2000 Server
 Windows Me (Millennium Edition)
 Successor to Windows 98 for home computing
Major Features of Window
(i) Interactive Package: It ensures a flow of communication between the user and the
computer. Hence, it serves as an intermediary between the two parties.

(ii) Menu Driven Package: Ms-Windows ensure flexibility in that the user can
perform several functions or task without remembering the commands, simply by
the Click. Of an option of a menu or sub-menu.

(iii) Program Manager: Ms-Window serves as a manager to other programs since it

controls, co-ordinates and manipulates their processing.

(iv) Multi-tasking Package: With windows operations, a user can make use of two or
more package while shifting from one package to another e.g. A user can be
working in ms-excel, and at the same time involve in PageMaker etc.
Appearance of Windows Dekstop
The appearance of window screen depends on how the computer is being set-up. A window screen always contains various items or ICON depending on
the window version. Hence, a reliable window screen consists of the following: major icons and other additional icons.

(i) My computer Icon: This is a container for disk drives. My computer icon displays
window with Icons representing object in the computer system. Such as folder, files, disk-drive.

(ii) Internet Explorer: This is a shortcut for launching the internet explorer program, which is web browser. A web browser is a software program for
navigating, WWW
(World Wide Web).

[iii) Network Neighbourhood: Network neighbourhood icon serves as container for network resources of other, computer it might include items such as;
disk drive, printer and CD-ROMS.

(iv) Network: A network is a collection of several computer connected together with the aim of sharing the same resources and component e.g. printer.

(v) Recycle Bin: This is a computer object for files that are no longer needed the computer or, this is a temporary storage location where all files are kept.
One can retrieve such file if deleted by error
Status Bar: This is the lower part of the windows. It consists’ of the start button, task
bar and time.
Start Button: it contain everything needed to work with windows, start icon of the
windows consists of several options in form of sub-menu. Hence, when you click on
start button, a sup-menu appears as follows:
(i) Program: it displays the list of software available in the windows environment for the
user to utilize.
(ii) Document: it displays the list of documents that have been opened previously.
(iii) Setting: it list out all the computer components which their setting can be changed
e.g. setting date and time, changing window screen etc.
(iv) Find: it is used to find and locate a particular file, folder and e-mail messages.
(v) Help: it shows the steps involve in performing a particular task. It equally serves as
a tutor.
(vi) Run: it is mainly used to run or execute Ms-command and other application
packages.
(vii) Shut Down: it is used to shut down or re-start the computer. It should be noted that
the system must be properly shut down before switching off the system .
 Task Bar : Each time an operation is performed, a button
representing that window appears on the task bar. To
switch from the window to another click on the button for
the window you want in the task bar

 Notification Area : It shows at the extreme end of the status

bar. It displays the current time.

 Folder :A folder is a directory, which stores files and other

folders. Or a folder is a directory through which users can
access files and other folders
Windows Operating Devices : These are electronic devices used in manipulating windows. It
could be input device or output device
Input Device :
An input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used in sending in data,
control signals and graphics to the computer memory or any other information processing
system allowing you to interact with and control the computer. They include keyboard, mouse
scanner, joystick, light pen etc.
(i) Computer Keyboard: it is a rectangular tray of electronic keys used as input device to send
data, instructions, commands and signals into the computer. It is the primary computer input
unit device. It consists of several types of keys:
Function Keys: F1-F12
Alphabetic Keys: A-Z,.
Numeric Keys: 0-9
Control Keys: Alt key {), Ctrl key, Fn key etc
Editing Keys: End, Spacebar, Backspace, Caps Lock, Del key etc.
Directional/Navigating Keys: the arrow keys, Pg Up and PgDn and Keys, Home and End keys.
Special Function Keys: Ctrl+A, insert, Numlock, PrtSc etc
 (ii) Mouse: this is a rat-like pointing device used as input device
to send command to the computer by point, click and drag
operations. Mouse could be an optical mouse or rolling ball
mouse, a PS/2 mouse, a Serial mouse or the padde(as found on
laptops PDAs).

 (iii) Scanner: this is a graphic puts service that sends graphics,

picture, and images to the computer memory for processing. It
consists of tubes light that takes the picture of an object and
send it to the memory for processing
 Services Provided-
 Computer Browser Service .
 Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) Service
 Routing and Remote Access Service.
 Active Directory Service 
 Background Intelligent Transfer Service –DNS Client
Service .
 Android operating system
 Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android
was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other
companies.
 Android offers a unified approach to application development for
mobile devices which means developers need only develop for Android,
and their applications should be able to run on different devices
powered by Android.
 Features of Android

Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and supports great
features. Few of them are listed below −
 Beautiful UI : Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.
 Connectivity : GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and
WiMAX.
 Storage : SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
 Media support : H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3,
MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
 Messaging : SMS and MMS
 Web browser : Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with
Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.
 Multi-touch : Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made
available in handsets such as the HTC Hero,etc.
Android Services
A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-
running operations without needing to interact with the user and it works
even if application is destroyed. A service can essentially take two states −
 Started
A service is started when an application component, such as an activity,
starts it by calling startService(). Once started, a service can run in the
background indefinitely, even if the component that started it is destroyed.
 Bound
A service is bound when an application component binds to it by
calling bindService(). A bound service offers a client-server interface that
allows components to interact with the service, send requests, get results,
and even do so across processes with interprocess communication (IPC).
iPhone Operating System (iOS)
Overview
 What is an Operating System
 What is iOS?
 History
 Features
 iOS Jailbreaking
 Conclusion
Features of IOS Platform

 3D Touch
New Shortcuts - It may be facing the bullet, but 3D Touch improves in
iOS 12 with new Camera and Note shortcuts. 3D Touch (hard press) the
Camera icon and you can jump to scanning a QR code, while doing the
same on the Note icon brings up a new shortcut to scan documents.
 AirPods
Live Listen - to transform your AirPods into hearing aids go to Settings >
Control Center > Customize and select ‘Hearing’. This magnifies people’s
voices.
 Apple Music
Lyric search - simply type the lyrics of a song into Apple Music and it can
find what you’re looking for, specific track names are no longer required.
 Battery
Express Card with power reserve - On the iPhone XS, XS Max and XR, iOS 12 retains
enough battery life even when the phone powers off for digital transit cards and student
ID cards to still work. For now, support for the former is limited to China and Japan and
the latter to the US but expect that to change.
Cellular smarts - when you’re without cell coverage your iPhone will constantly look for it, so iOS
12 adds ‘No Cell Coverage’ to the Battery Usage by App list at the bottom of battery settings.
This will help alert you to apps which are particularly power hungry in dead zones
 Camera
Feature Parity - limited to the iPhone X in iOS 11, iOS 12 gives all iPhones support for
stickers and filters.
 Face ID
Two Faced - finally Face ID can support more than one face (two to be exact). Just
navigate to Settings > Face ID & Passcode > Set Up an Alternate Appearance.
Ignore Passcode - after several failed Face ID unlocks you no longer have to enter
your passcode, instead swipe up from the bottom of the screen and you can try Face ID
again.
Keyboard
 Trackpad for all - Previously this required 3D Touch, but now you can turn the
Apple keyboard into a trackpad just by tapping and holding the space bar.
Messages
 Faster codes - iOS (like Android) can now automatically scan text messages
for one-time login codes and copy and paste them for you.
 Fast actions - Tap the bubble icon of a contact and FaceTime audio and video
call options appear. Previously you were taken to a new page for this
information.
 Longer, more flexible Animojis - both Animojis and Memojis (don’t ask) can
now be dragged and dropped on top of photos and messages while message
lengths can now last 30 seconds. (Limited to iPhone X, XS, XS Max and XR).
Siri
 Smart suggestions - On the lock screen and Search pane Siri will
suggest contextual app shortcuts, such as messaging ahead when
you’re running late. iPhone 6 and older iPhones won’t get this
feature.
 New Voices - In addition to British and American, you will now find
Irish and South African male and female assistant voices to choose
from. Settings > Siri Search > Siri Voice.
 Find any device - you can now tell Siri “Play alert on my iPad” from
your iPhone (or vice versa) to locate your it.
 More power in low power - “Hey Siri” now works in Low Power
mode, something that was disabled in iOS 11.
Linux
Background :

 Version of UNIX
 Linus Torvalds – Creator of Linux
 Open Source Operating System
 Free Software
 Source Code Available
Where is Linux Used?

 75% of respondents were already

using Linux and another 14% were
evaluating it
 43% of all web sites use Linux
servers running the Apache Web
server
How is Linux Used?

 Personal Workstation
 File and Print Server
 Internet Service Provider
 Three-tier Client/Server
 Turnkey System
Using Linux on Personal
Computers
Linux kernel for free
Kernel is central component
Kernel can be customized to user’s
needs
Working with Linux

Graphical User Interface

• X Window System
• SuSE KDE SuSE
Software Applications

 OpenOffice: word processing, spreadsheets, drawing

 Adobe Acrobat Reader
 Konqueror: The KDE File Manager and Web Browser
 Kmail: The KDE Mail Application
 Evolution: An Email and Calendar Program
 Sound Applications
Linux Kernel
 Thekernel is the central nervous system of Linux, include
OS code which runs the whole computer. It provides
resources to all other programs that you run under Linux,
and manages all other programs as they run.
 Thekernel includes the code that performs certain specialized
tasks, including TCP/IP networking.
 Thekernel design is modular, so that the actual OS code is very
small to be able to load when it needs, and then free the
memory afterwards, thus the kernel remains small and fast and
highly extensible.
Linux Networking

 Networking comes naturally to Linux. In a real

sense, Linux is a product of the Internet or
World Wide Web (www).
 Linuxis made for networking. Probably all
networking protocols in use on the Internet are
native to Unix and/or Linux. A large part of the
Web is running on Linux boxes, e.g. : AOL
Supported Features

 Forwarding
 Firewall operations
 Proxy and Masquerading
 Accounting
 Tunneling and Intranets
 Aliasing
Linux File System

 Linuxhas an hierarchical, unified file

system
 Supports 256-character filenames.
 Allcommand line entries are case
sensitive.
 Use the slash(/) rather than the
backslash(\) you have been using in
DOS.
Types of File
 Ordinary files
 text files
 data files
 command text files
 executable files
 Directories
 Links
 rather than having multiple copies of a file, Linux uses linking to one
file to save disk space.
 Special device files
Security

 Encryption
 Secure shell(ssh)
 Principles of security
Principles of security
 Two broad categories of attack exist:
 unauthorized access
 denial of service
 Defense against the attacks:
 enforce the use of password
 useTCP wrappers to limit which resources are made available to
which categories of users.
 monitorinternal users, protect your organization against
unauthorized or inappropriate use of the computer facilities to
harass personnel.
Linux vs. Unix

 Linux is free, but Unix is not.

 Unix is compatible with Linux at the
system call level, meaning most
programs written for either Unix or Linux
can be recompiled to run on the other
system with a minimum of work. But
Linux will run faster than Unix on the
same hardware.
Linux vs. Microsoft Windows

 Bothoffer some of the graphics capabilities

and include some networking capabilities. But
Linux networking is excellent.
 Linux
is multi-user, multi-tasking, but Microsoft
Windows doesn’t support it.