Paving Materials: 1. Accommodate Intense Use 2. Provide Direction 3. Suggest Rate and Rhythm of Movement
Paving Materials: 1. Accommodate Intense Use 2. Provide Direction 3. Suggest Rate and Rhythm of Movement
Paving Materials: 1. Accommodate Intense Use 2. Provide Direction 3. Suggest Rate and Rhythm of Movement
•Material ability
oBrick- warm, inviting feeling to a space
oAngle flagstone- irregular, informal atmosphere
oConcrete- cold, impersonal sensation
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PAVEMENT
• Too much variation cause visual chaos and disorder
• Selections a paving pattern, should study in both plan and eye level perspective
• Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,
residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses
2 POROUS ASPHALT
These are the least expensive, and allow water to penetrate, but require more
frequent maintenance because little stones are easily displaced. NOTE: By
“stones,” it mean smooth stones, not crushed gravel, which lets water run off instead
of down in the ground.
2. PAVERS
This type of paver can not grow anything in the voids, but is typically filled with
gravel..
Similarly, you can also find interlocking
pavers which are a good option for
driveways and other areas that need
more stability.
Plastic grid
Drivable Grass
• For starters, is comes in 2′ x 2′ mats that are much more affordable to have
installed than the individual pavers.
• It also has a much larger exposed area (61%) for greater infiltration and more
room to grow grass or ground cover in if desired.
• Unlike the traditional hexagon turf pavers, this system does not isolate the plant
material into individual pockets. This allows the plantings to remain cooler and
receive more uniform watering. These benefits result in a greener parking
surface than most of the alternative plantable systems.
• Also known as "grasscrete",
• this plastic grid system is used with crushed stone or grass and provides a structure
for rain to permeate without pooling or puddling.
• It can handle light vehicular traffic and could be a clever solution for residential
driveways
REFLECTIVITY AND ABSORPTION
EMISSIVITY
• includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an
integrated water delivery system.
• Green walls are also known as living walls, BIOboards, biowalls, ecowalls, or
vertical gardens.
LOOSE MEDIA
• Loose medium systems have their soil packed into a shelf or bag and are then
installed onto the wall.
• Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity.
• Repairs can only be made by re-stuffing soil into the holes on the wall, which is
both difficult and messy.
• Loose-soil systems should not be used in areas where there will be a lot of public
interaction as they are quite messy and lose their soil little by little over time.
• Most importantly, because these systems can easily have their medium blown
away by wind-driven rain or heavy winds, these should not be used in
applications over 8 feet high.
MAT MEDIA
• Mat media are quite thin, even in multiple layers, and as such cannot support
vibrant root systems of mature plants for more than three to five years before
the roots overtake the mat and water is not able to adequately wick through the
mats.
• This process compromises the root structures of the neighboring plants on the
wall and often kills many surrounding plants in the reparation process.
• These systems are best used on the interior of a building and are a good
choice in areas with low seismic activity and small plants that will not grow to
a weight that could rip the mat apart under their own weight over time.
• It is important to note that mat systems are particularly water inefficient and
often require constant irrigation due to the thin nature of the medium and its
inability to hold water and provide a buffer for the plant roots.
• This inefficiency often requires that these systems have a water re-circulation
system put into place at an additional cost. Mat media are better suited for
small installations no more than eight feet in height where repairs are easily
completed.
• On a bearing wall is fixe a metal frame. It carries the all structure. It lets air run
between the wall and the living wall, so it assures the cooling effect that a green
wall can have.
• Then the plants support: the felt mat is stapled onto the plate. The felt must not be
a material which can rot and must have a high capillary power.
• Then seeds and plants (mature or not) are fixed onto the felt.
• Since there is no earth to retain the water, a collector is installed at the bottom of
the wall. This collector contains the solution that feeds plants.
• The solution is pump on top of the wall through a hidden pipe that let it slowly
run into the felt.
STRUCTURAL MEDIA
.
Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose, nor mats, but which
incorporate the best features of both into a block that can be manufactured into
various sizes, shapes and thicknesses
• These media have the advantage that they do not break down for 10 to 15 years,
can be made to have a higher or lower water holding capacity
• They are the most robust option for a living wall in both exterior and interior
applications. They are also the best choice in areas where high-winds, seismic
activity or heights need to be addressed in the design.
• Structural media are superior to the other media for their longevity and high-level
of performance in a variety of circumstances. Depending on the installation, they do
tend to be more expensive to install, but lower cost to maintain.
• A: DPC is fixed underneath the frame.
• When the living wall is equipped with an irrigation system; the frame is
mounted on the wall with spacer so there is place enough for the connections
of the water tubing.
B: The drip tray is used to pick up the dead vegetation and water that could
drop off the wall.
• A drip tray is not necessary for an outdoor installation. If not equipped, the
excess of water will run into the ground through a filter layer made with
gravel or stone.
.
C: Cages boxes or other panels are
always prefabricated. They carry
substrate and plants.
F: Metal frame gives the final touch to the living wall. It hides piping and framing.
An active living wall actively pulls or forces air through the plants leaves, roots
and growth medium of the wall and then into the building's HVAC system to be
recirculated throughout the building.
What are Greenroofs ?
33
TYPES OF GREENROOFS
EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS (ECO-ROOFS)
• . Plants are watered and fertilized only until they are established
and after the first year, maintenance consists of two or three visits a
year for weeding of invasive tree and shrub species, mowing, safety,
and membrane inspections.
INTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS (PODIUM GARDENS & SKY GARDENS)
• Plants are grown and maintained in ways similar to ground level gardens,
with soil depths that vary according to plant requirements, ranging from a
minimum of 200mm depth for lawns to up to 2000mm depth for tree
planting, with corresponding structural loading implications.
• Due to increased soil depth, the plant selection can be more diverse
including trees and shrubs, which allows a more complex ecosystem to
develop.
35
BENEFITS
36
• BUILDING INSULATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• WATER MANAGEMENT
• FOOD PRODUCTION
Green roofs can trap up to 95% of cadmium, copper and lead and 16% of zinc. Other
studies have shown that 1 square meter of grass can remove 0.2 kg of airborne
particles per year.
• ADDITIONAL SPACE
Rooftops can be put to a number of
different uses – from a pure “nature
reserve” to a relaxing garden to a
rooftop cafe or playground/sports
pitch.
38
GREEN ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND DETAILS
Some of the crucial aspects of design are described below.
WATERPROOFING
The other material is a more flexible polymer which actually provides the elasticity
to the product. It enables the product to withstand the expansion and contraction
due to temperature variation without cracking.
Source: Spring 2006 LA_13 Sky Gardens- Nandita & Minesh Parikh
41
DRAINAGE
• Manufacturers claim that it can drain off at zero slope. It has a slippery surface
and depends on capillary action of water molecules to drain itself. Presently, it
is not manufactured in India but is easily imported here.
42
PLANTING MEDIA
• Very often crushed coal is mixed in the media. It improves the texture and
moisture retention qualities of the media.
• A liberal mix of decomposed cow dung manure and bone meal along with
chemical fertilizers like DAP and urea increase the potency of the media
manifold.
1 . The planting medium must allow for downward percolation of water, and be
free of fine silts that will clog the filter blanket and block drainage
43
LOAD BEARING CAPACITY
1 . The building architect and/or structural engineer should always be consulted prior
to roof or deck landscape design and construction .
2 . Rooftops must typically be able to support a dead load limit of 7 .18 kPa (150
psf) to accommodate the construction of a garden . The loads above support
columns and at the edges of a roof can be considerably greater .
IRRIGATION
• Normal methods of irrigation are simlar except that the dripping tap is a much
bigger nuisance than it is otherwise.
• Shrub hydrants, drippers and quick release coupling based irrigation system is
the most efficient way to irrigate greenroofs. Lawns may be irrigated with micro
sprinklers and/or gear driven sprinklers.
PLANTING APPROACHES
Mono-culture Planting.
• This type of planting is simple and usually uses one plant species en masse.
Pattern Planting.
• This type of planting is used primarily for its visual effect but uses more than
one species.
• As an open canvas, a wide range of designs are possible. The usual design
elements may be used for good effect: a play with materials and colors; a play
with proportion and balance; a play with texture, pattern and line; and the use of
rhythm and repetition.
• This approach may require higher maintenance levels than other planting
45
approaches.
Mixed Planting.
• The approach uses a mix of species to create a random but colorful
carpet.
• naturalistic appearance.
• This approach may often use wild grasses and may be considered untidy
by some.
• Some examples have seen the careful and diverse selection of plants that
flower almost year-round. This approach strives to use indigenous plants to
fulfill a green roof’s maximum ecological potential.