Group 1:
Aprilliana Wahyuni(1610421003)
Arya Yoga Mahestu(1610422060)
Miftahul Rahmah(1610422018)
Rakha Mafiskha(1610422006)
Sagita Rahayu(161022003 )
Cells are microscopic building blocks of
unicellular and multicellular living organisms. Animal,
plant, fungal and bacterial cells are different in terms
of structure but also have many similarities. Bacteria
and the fungus yeast, are described as being
unicellular. Organisms made of many cells such as
animals, most plants and many species of fungi, are
described as being multicellular.
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
prokaryotic cells. prokaryotic cells that do not
yet have a nucleus or has no nuclear membrane of cells
with other cell parts
eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus is real, or dna wrapped by the
nuclear membrane
Derived from symbiotic bacteria
Ancient association
Endosymbiotic theory
Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic
bacteria
Contains cell contents
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Polar
Hydrophylic head
Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with water
A few molecules move freely
Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
Carrier proteins transport some
molecules
Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid
nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the plant cells. It is made up of
cellulose. Cell wall is a characteristic feature to cells of plants. Plant cell walls
are primarily made up of cellulose. Plant cell wall consists of three layers: the
primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and the middle lamella. It is located
outside the cell membrane whose main function is to provide rigidity, strength,
protection against mechanical stress and infection. Cell wall is made up of
cellulose, pectins,glycoproteins, hemicellulose and lignin.
Viscous fluid containing organelles
components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
storage substances
Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring
organelles
Actin filaments
cell movement
Microtubules
Microtubules
Hollow tubes Intermediate
Facilitate cell movement filaments
Centrioles – barrel shaped
organelles occur in pairs –
help assemble animal cell’s microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Stable - don’t break down Actin
Provide motility
Cilia
Short
Used to move substances outside
human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
Basal bodies like centrioles
Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division
Repository for genetic material
Directs activities of the cell
Usually single, some cells several, RBC none
Nucleolus - region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis
Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid bilayer
membranes
nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores – protein gatekeepers
Usually proteins going in and RNA going out
Most cells have 2 or more
Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes
Double membrane
Mitochondrial (maternal) DNA
“Power House” of the cell
Food converted into energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Consumes Oxygen, produces CO2
DNA of eukaryotes is divided into linear
chromosomes.
exist as strands of chromatin, except during cell
division
associated with packaging histones, packaging
proteins
nucleosomes
Largest internal membrane
Composed of Lipid bilayer
Serves as system of channels from the nucleus
Functions in storage and secretion
Rough ER is “rough” because of associated ribosomes
(sites of protein synthesis
Smooth ER - lack associated ribosomes – contained
embedded enzymes, catalyze synthesis of
carbohydrate and lipid molecules
collection of Golgi bodies
collect, package, and distribute molecules
synthesized at one location in the cell and
utilized at another location
Front - cis , Back – trans
Cisternae – stacked membrane
folds
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of
two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA.
site of protein synthesis
assembled in nucleoli
Contain digestive enzymes
Functions
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders
Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than animals
Contents
Water
Food
wastes
• Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than
mitochondria
• Grana – closed compartments of stacked membranes
• Thylakoids – disc shaped structure – light capturing
pigment
• Stroma – fluid matrix
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, and serves as a storage
facility for water and other materials
Cell wall
primary walls – laid down while cell is growing
middle lamella – glues cells together
secondary walls – inside the primary cell walls after
growth
Animal cells lack cell walls.
form extracellular matrix
provides support, strength, and resilience
THANK YOU
