Anatomy of GI Tract

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The document discusses the anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal tract.

The main parts include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

The main components of the mouth include the lips, teeth, tongue, vestibule, and oral cavity proper.

Anatomy and Histology of GI Tract

dr. Muhammad Ade Rahman


Objectives
Embryology of GI Tract

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Anatomy of Gastrointestinal Tract

Alimentary Canal Accessory Organ


1. Mouth (Oral 1. Teeth
Cavity)
2. Tongue
2. Pharynx
3. Salivary
3. Esophagus Glands
4. Stomach
4. Liver
5. Small Intestine
5. Gallbladder
6. Large Intestine
6. Pancreas
7. Anal Canal

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
The Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Rima Oris
= Cavum Oris
• Histologi: sel epitelium
skuamosa berlapis
• Rima oris  lubang mulut:
Labia superior dan labia
inferior, frenulum tiap labia
• Disokong lemak dan
m.buccinators
Vestibulum Cavitas Oris
• Terdiri dari: Vestibulum Oris
Oris Propria dan Cavitas Oris Propria

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Tongue
• Otot rangka dalam
pencernaan
• Sulkus terminalis membagi
lidah 2/3 anterior
• Papil linguae  fungiform,
filiform, foliate, sirkumvalata
• Otot penyokong: ekstenal
dan internal (berbicara)
• Persarafan : motoric (N.XII,
N.X) dan sensorik (N VII, IX)
• Pendarahan: a.v lingualis 
dorsal, deep
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Salivary Glands
• Menghasilkan saliva  enzim
amilase
• Dibagi menjadi intrinsik dan
ekstrinsik
• Kelenjar ekstrinsik: glandula
parotis, glandula
submandibular, glandula
sublingualis
• Persarafan: N. V (sensoris,
lingual N, V3), N. VII dan N. IX
(parasimpatis)
• Pendarahan: a.v. submentalis
(submandibular), a.v.
Sublingualis
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Pharynx
• Terdiri dari 3 bagian: nasofaring,
orofaring, laringofaring
• Nasofaring: faringeal tonsil,
resesus faringeal, torus
tubarius, torus levatorius
• Orofaring: tonsil palatine, arkus
palatoglossus, arkus
palatofaringeus
• Laringofaring: epiglottis,
vallecula epiglottis
• Otot faring: m.contrictor
superior, media, inferior
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Pharynx

Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Esophagus

• Dibelakang trakea, panjang 25


cm, 4 titik konstriksi
• Masuk rongga abdomen via
hiatus esofagus (ke gaster)
• 2 jenis otot: otot rangka (bagian
atas), otot polos (bagian bawah)
• Dibagi berdasarkan letak:
servikal, abdominal (T10), torakal
• Terdapat 2 sfingter: atas (rangka)
dan bawah (otot polos)

Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Stomach

• Perbesaran saluran GI berbentuk


huruf J  3 lapis otot (longitudinal,
sirkular, oblik)
• Di dalam rongga abdomen  regio
epigastrik (dominan), umbilicus,
hipokondria sinistra
• Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian: cardia,
fundus, corpus, pilorus
• Struktur khas: curvatura major &
minor, incisura cardiac & angularis

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Stomach

• Derivat mesenterium: omentum


minus dan majus
• Persarafan otonom  simpatis:
pleksus coeliaka; parasimpatis: n.
Vagus
• Pendarahan: cabang trunkus celiacus
 a. Gastic kanan kiri (curvatura
minor), a.gastro-omental kanan kiri
(curvatura majus), a.gastric posterior
dan short (fundus dan bagian atas)

Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Duodenum

• Usus halus lanjutan pilorus


lambung (25 cm) berbentuk
huruf C
• Terfiksasi oleh peritoneum ke
dinding abdomen posterior
• 4 bagian: superior, desccendens,
inferior, ascendens
• Persarafan: n vagus dan nervus
splanknikus minora dan majora
• Pendarahan: trunkus celiacus,
a.mesenterica superior
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Jejenum and Ileum
• Bagian kedua usus halus (jejenum) dan
ketiga (ileum)
• Panjang total 6-7 meter
• Jejenum di LUQ, ileum RLQ
• Ukuran lumen jejenum > ileum
• Plica sirkularis berugae jejenum > ileum
• Arteri menyatu (arcade) dan memanjang
(vasa rekta)
• Persarafan: korda spinalis T8-T10 
pleksus n.mesenterica superior (simpatis)
dan trunkus vagal posterior (para)
• Pendarahan: a.mesenterica superior via
a.jejunal & a.ileal

Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Jejenum and Ileum

Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
Colon and Rectum
• Colon dibagi menjadi 5 bagian:
caecum, pars ascendens, pars
transversus, pars descendens, pars
sigmoid
• Struktur khas : haustrum coli,
taenia coli (libera, mesocolica,
omentalis), appendiks apiploica,
plica semilunaris
• Rektum  struktur: ampula, plica
transversalis, rectoanal junction
(columna rect, sinus recti)
• Anus (sfingter)  terdiri dari
m.sfingter ani eksterna (diluar, otot
rangka) &interna(didalam, otot
polos)

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Colon and Rectum

• Persarafan: korda spinalis pars


thorasikus bawah/T10 (simpatis,
caecum), n.vagus (parasimpatis,
caecum), pleksus n.mesenterik
(ascendens&transvesus,
descendens&sigmoid 
superior), n.splanknik pelvic
(parasimpatis, pars
descendens&sigmoid)

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Colon and Rectum

• Persarafan:
• Pendarahan:

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall
• Batas: posterior (columna
vertebrae), inferior (pintu atas
panggul), superior (p.xiphoideus,
tepi costae)
• Regio: 9 bagian atau 4 bagian
• Titik McBurney: titik dalam 1/3
garis imajiner krista iliaka ke
umbilicus dalam pemeriksaan
fisis  appendiks
• Lapisan (luar ke dalam): kulit, jar
subkutan (fascia camper, fascia
scarpae), otot, extraperitoneal
fat, peritoneum
Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall

• Otot  bagian anterior dan lateral


(anterorlateral)
• Bagian anterior: m.rectus abdominis,
m.pyramidalis
• Bagian lateral: m.obliquus externus
abdominis, m.obliquus internus abdominis,
m.transversus abdominis
• Linea alba  otot diantara m.rectus
abdominis, membentang dari p.xiphoideus
ke simfisis pubis, avascular, penyambungan
aponeurosis rectus
Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall

• Pendarahan:
a.musculophrenic,
a.epigastric superior,
a.intercostal, a.subcostal,
a.superfisialis circumfleca
iliaca, a.pudendal externus

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall
• Regio inguinalis struktur:
ligamen inguinal, annulus
inguinalis
superfisialis/medialis/subcutane
us, annulus profundus/lateralis,
canalis inguinalis, conjoined
tendon
• Hernia inguinalis  kelemahan
dinding abdominal anterior 
tipe: indirek (herniasi ke lateral,
kongenital), direk (herniasi ke
medial, kelemahan Hesselbach’s
triangle)

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
Abdomen Wall

• Peritoneum  membran serosa


terbesar  melapisi rongga
abdomen dan organ didalamnya
• Dibagi 2  parietal dan visceral
• Cavum Peritoneal  antara 2
rongga  patologis:
terakumulasi cairan (ascites)
• Letak organ tubuh:
intraperitoneal dan
retroperitoneal

Marieb EN, Wilhelm PB, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings; 2012

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